Fernando A. Wilson

Fernando A. Wilson, PhD

Languages spoken: English, Spanish

Academic Information

Departments Primary - Population Health Sciences

Academic Office Information

fernando.wilson@utah.edu

Lab

Research Interests

  • Health Policy
  • Public Health
  • Health Disparities
  • Health Economics
  • Traffic Safety
  • Immigrant Health

Dr. Fernando Wilson is Director and Endowed Chair of the Matheson Center for Health Care Studies, Professor of Population Health Sciences in the Division of Health System Innovation and Research, and Professor of Economics in the College of Social & Behavioral Science. Dr. Wilson received a PhD in Economics from the University of Chicago, and a BA in Economics from the University of Texas at Austin. His research interests include economic and health policy evaluation, as well as disparities in access to care and health outcomes among historically underserved communities.

Research Statement

My research emphasizes the use of large-scale empirical databases to address gaps in the scholarly literature on topics of high significance to health services and policy researchers. This research has spanned a number of topics, including immigrant health, traffic safety, telehealth services, and other areas in health services and policy. As a health economist, my research has also involved the application of economic evaluation methodologies such as cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit, and cost-utility analyses to evaluate public health and clinical programs and interventions.

Education History

Doctoral Training University of Chicago
 PhD
Undergraduate University of Texas at Austin
 BA

Selected Publications

Journal Article

  1. Hansen EJ, Cizik AM, Goldstein EV, Kean J, Singer PM, Wilson FA (2025). Changes to Depression-Related Health Care Encounters and Telehealth Adoption in the COVID-19 Era. Telemed J E Health, 32(2), 167-174.
  2. Beltran Figueroa L, Opare-Agyekum D, Wilson FA (2025). Interventions for Population Genetic Screening in Ethnic and Racial Minorities: A Scoping Review. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities.
  3. Kim J, Hoskinson C, Nichols E, Illapperuma-Wood C, Fischer A, Ben-Umeh K, Wilson F (2025). COVID-19 and risk of self-harm, suicidal ideation, and poisoning in children and adolescents. Ann Med, 57(1), 2516698.
  4. Sharareh N, Simonsen S, Hess R, Elmore C, Wallace A, Wilson F (2025). A National Study of the SNAP Nonparticipation Rate Among Income-Eligible U.S. Refugee Households. J Immigr Minor Health, 27(6), 928-934.
  5. Lamsal R, Tak HJ, Wilson FA, Tibbits MK, Chen LW, Palm D (2025). Association Between Paid Sick Leave and Dental Services Utilization Among Working Adults in the United States. Med Care, 63(11), 827-832.
  6. Chakraborty B, Wilson FA, Wehbi NK, Gajendra S, Tak HJ (2025). Disparities in Dental Treatments, Expenses, and Sources of Payment Among Adults With Disability in the US. Spec Care Dentist, 45(6), e70111.
  7. Lv X, Yan D, Laestadius L, Wilson FA, Yang M, Martin A, Wang Y (2025). Effect of Advertising Exposure on Responses of Young Non-e-Cigarette Users to Banning Flavors in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Health Sci Rep, 8(10), e71322.
  8. Sharareh N, Simonsen S, Wallace AS, Kim J, Hill JL, Wilson FA (2025). Associations Between Length of US Residency and Participation in Child Nutrition Assistance Programs Among Immigrant Families. J Acad Nutr Diet, 125(10), 1509-1516.
  9. Alonso WW, Bills SE, Lundgren SW, Keteyian SJ, Norman J, Fisher AL, Zheng C, Kupzyk KA, Wilson FA, Dudley TJ, Pozehl BJ (2025). HEART Camp Connect-Promoting adherence to exercise in adults with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. ESC Heart Fail, 12(5), 3388-3398.
  10. Bailey EV, Hansen EJ, Mosalpuria K, Wilson FA (2025). The Relationship Between Mental Health and Employment Status Among United States Veterans: A Systematic Review. Mil Med.
  11. Kim J, Ewing CR, Larson A, Illapperuma-Wood C, Fischer A, Duru EE, Kim Y, Wilson F (2025). Incidence of depression and anxiety in children and adolescents following COVID-19 infection. PLoS One, 20(9), e0331984.
  12. Chakraborty B, Wilson FA, Wehbi NK, Chen LW, Tak HJ (2025). The Impact of Family-Centered Care on Oral Health for Children With Special Health Care Needs. Spec Care Dentist, 45(5), e70095.
  13. Eyring JB, Hemeyer BM, Wilson FA (2025). The Impact of Racial/Ethnic Concordance in Patient-Reported Shared Decision-Making and Communication During the COVID-19 Era. Med Care, 63(8), 579-587.
  14. Sharareh N, Dalrymple R, Kambouris KN, Govett S, Adams S, Kent-Marvick JM, Kim RG, Sanuade OA, Wilson FA, Wallace AS, Butler JM, Simonsen SE (2025). Addressing food insecurity among U.S. refugees, considering the temporal patterns of food insecurity after resettlement: Qualitative insights from Utah. PLoS One, 20(7), e0327645.
  15. Kim J, Duong KNC, Duru EE, Weir R, Manotas K, Kleinschmit K, Fischer A, Weir P, Wilson FA (2025). Impact of COVID-19 on Incident Depression and Anxiety: A Population-Based Observational Study Using Statewide Claims Data. Healthcare (Basel), 13(14).
  16. Sanuade OA, Carroll AJ, Watson R, Ye J, Hill JL, Chipman J, Wilson FA, King AJ, Kho A, Del Fiol G, Davis P, Smith JD (2025). Contextual factors and implementation strategies for a multi-level community-based sodium reduction intervention in Chicago's South Side: a qualitative study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 22(1), 93.
  17. Wilson FA, Stimpson JP, Young MT, Bustamante AV, Ponce NA, Ortega AN (2025). Mis- and disinformation and perceptions of healthcare policy among Latinos in the USA: protocol for a multi-method social media sentiment analysis study. BMJ Open, 15(7), e096465.
  18. Stimpson JP, Liao JM, Morenz AM, Joo JH, Wilson FA (2025). A difference-in-differences analysis of Medicaid expansion and state paid sick leave laws on colorectal cancer screening. Cancer, 131(10), e35904.
  19. Stimpson JP, Park S, Morenz AM, Gurley T, Wilson FA (2025). Examining Employment Status, Paid Sick Leave, and Access to Care in Relation to Colorectal Cancer Screening Among U.S. Workers: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Cancer Control, 32, 10732748251347731.
  20. Cho JY, Wilson FA, Chaikledkaew U, Chen Y, Phrommintikul A, Diaz-Aguilera MA, Chen Z, Kim K, Chaiyakunapruk N (2024). Projected Cost Savings With Optimal Medication Adherence in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease Requiring Lipid-Lowering Therapy: A Multinational Economic Evaluation Study. J Am Heart Assoc, 13(22), e037792.
  21. Goldstein EV, Wilson FA (2024). Predicting State-Level Firearm Suicide Rates: A Machine Learning Approach Using Public Policy Data. Am J Prev Med, 67(5), 753-758.
  22. Kim J, Ben-Umeh KC, Weir R, Manotas K, Kleinschmit K, Fischer A, Weir P, Wilson F (2024). Evaluating the risk of sleep disorders in subjects with a prior COVID-19 infection. PLoS One, 19(10), e0311929.
  23. Adhikari S, Wilson F, Rautiainen R (2024). Cost of agricultural injuries in the United States: Estimates based on surveillance, insurance, and government statistics. Am J Ind Med, 67(9), 801-812.
  24. Stimpson JP, Park S, Wilson FA, Ortega AN (2024). Variations in Unmet Health Care Needs by Perceptions of Social Media Health Mis- and Disinformation, Frequency of Social Media Use, Medical Trust, and Medical Care Discrimination: Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill, 10, e56881.
  25. Stimpson JP, Park S, Rivera-Gonzlez AC, Wilson FA, Ortega AN (2024). Prevalence of Chronic Pain by Immigration Status and Latino Ethnicity. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities.
  26. Mosalpuria K, Bailey EV, Ko H, Hansen EJ, Wilson FA (2024). Chronic Physical and Mental Health Conditions Associated With Employment Status in Veterans. AJPM Focus, 3(4), 100242.
  27. Hartsell JD, Staes C, Allen KS, Dunn AC, Wilson FA, Samore MH, Shoaf K (2024). Navigating the Landscape: Barriers and Facilitators in Electronic Case Reporting Implementation Across Public Health Agencies. J Public Health Manag Pract, 30(3), E102-E111.
  28. Goldstein EV, Bailey EV, Wilson FA (2023). Poverty and Suicidal Ideation Among Hispanic Mental Health Care Patients Leading up to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Hisp Health Care Int, 22(1), 6-10.
  29. Hartsell J, Wilson FA, Shoaf K, Dunn A, Samore MH, Staes CJ (2024). An economic evaluation of the expansion of electronic case reporting in an academic healthcare setting. JAMIA Open, 7(1), ooad102.
  30. Habibdoust A, Seifaddini M, Tatar M, Araz OM, Wilson FA (2024). Predicting COVID-19 new cases in California with Google Trends data and a machine learning approach. Inform Health Soc Care, 49(1), 56-72.
  31. Sharareh N, Adesoba TP, Wallace AS, Bybee S, Potter LN, Seligman H, Wilson FA (2023). Associations between food insecurity and other social risk factors among U.S. adults. J Gen Intern Med, 39(1), 52-60.
  32. Tatar M, Farokhi S, Araz OM, Deshpande A, Wilson FA (2023). Association of social vulnerability and influenza vaccination rates for Annual Medicare Enrollees at the county-level in the United States. Prev Med, 177, 107782.
  33. Tatar M, Faraji MR, Keyes K, Wilson FA, Jalali MS (2023). Social vulnerability predictors of drug poisoning mortality: A machine learning analysis in the United States. Am J Addict, 32(6), 539-546.
  34. Lueth AJ, Allshouse AA, Blue NM, Grobman WA, Levine LD, Catov J, Saade G, Yee LM, Wilson FA, Murtaugh M, Merz N, Chung J, Ray M, Scifres C, Silver RM, NIH NICHD nuMoM2b and NHLBI nuMoM2b Heart Health Study Networks (2023). Can allostatic load in pregnancy explain the association between race and subsequent cardiovascular disease risk: A cohort study. BJOG, 130(10), 1197-1206.
  35. Yan D, Wang Z, Laestadius L, Mosalpuria K, Wilson FA, Yan A, Lv X, Zhang X, Bhuyan SS, Wang Y (2023). A systematic review for the impacts of global approaches to regulating electronic nicotine products. J Glob Health, 13, 04076.
  36. Wilson FA, Stimpson JP, Ortega AN (2023). Is use of a smuggler to cross the US-Mexico border associated with mental health problems among undocumented immigrants from Mexico? PLOS Glob Public Health, 3(8), e0002232.
  37. Sharareh N, Bybee S, Goldstein E, Jones S, Hess R, Wallace A, Seligman H, Wilson FA (2023). Disparities in food insecurity between sexual minority and heterosexual adults - a higher burden on bisexual individuals. Front Public Health, 11, 1237091.
  38. Habibdoust A, Tatar M, Wilson FA (2022). Estimating Excess Deaths by Race/Ethnicity in the State of California During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities, 10(4), 1629-1641.
  39. Tatar M, Faraji MR, Wilson FA (2022). Social vulnerability and initial COVID-19 community spread in the US South: a machine learning approach. BMJ Health Care Inform, 30(1).
  40. Verma S, Wilson F, Wang H, Smith L, Tak HJ (2023). Impact of Community Socioeconomic Characteristics on Emergency Medical Service Delays in Responding to Fatal Vehicle Crashes. AJPM Focus, 2(4), 100129.
  41. Goldstein EV, Brenes F, Wilson FA (2023). Critical gaps in understanding firearm suicide in Hispanic communities: demographics, mental health, and access to care. Health Aff Sch, 1(1), qxad016.
  42. Sharareh N, Seligman HK, Adesoba TP, Wallace AS, Hess R, Wilson FA (2023). Food Insecurity Disparities Among Immigrants in the U.S. AJPM Focus, 2(3), 100113.
  43. Harris A, Jordan N, Carroll AJ, Graham AK, Wilson C, Wilson FA, Berkel C, Smith JD (2023). A budget impact analysis of cost to implement a whole child health focused, family-based intervention in primary care for children with elevated BMI. Implement Sci Commun, 4(1), 59.
  44. Ramos AK, Deal A, Quintero SA, Wilson FA (2023). Immigrant-focused Medical Legal Partnerships: A Practical Innovation to Improve Immigrant Health and Social Well-being. Prog Community Health Partnersh, 17(1), 135-143.
  45. Lueth AJ, Allshouse AA, Blue NM, Grobman WA, Levine LD, Simhan HN, Kim JK, Johnson J, Wilson FA, Murtaugh M, Silver RM, National Institutes of Health NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development NICHD Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study Monitoring Mothers-to-Be nuMoM2b and National Heart Lung and Blood Institute NHLBI nuMoM2b Heart Health Study nuMoM2b-HHS (2022). Allostatic Load and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. Obstet Gynecol, 140(6), 974-982.
  46. Tatar M, Shoorekchali JM, Faraji MR, Seyyedkolaee MA, Pagn JA, Wilson FA (2022). COVID-19 vaccine inequality: A global perspective. J Glob Health, 12, 03072.
  47. Trout KE, Chen LW, Wilson FA, Tak HJ, Palm D (2022). The Impact of Meaningful Use and Electronic Health Records on Hospital Patient Safety. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19(19).
  48. Ruhnke SA, Wilson FA, Stimpson JP (2022). Using machine learning to impute legal status of immigrants in the National Health Interview Survey. MethodsX, 9, 101848.
  49. Goldstein EV, Wilson FA (2022). A Machine Learning Approach to Predicting Higher COVID-19 Care Burden in the Primary Care Safety Net: Hispanic Patient Population Size a Key Factor. Health Serv Res Manag Epidemiol, 9, 23333928221115894.
  50. Ruhnke SA, Reynolds MM, Wilson FA, Stimpson JP (2022). A healthy migrant effect? Estimating health outcomes of the undocumented immigrant population in the United States using machine learning. Soc Sci Med, 307, 115177.
  51. Tatar M, Jalali MS, Tak HJ, Chen LW, Araz OM, Wilson FA (2021). Impact of Florida's prescription drug monitoring program on drug- related fatal vehicle crashes: a difference-in-differences approach. Inj Prev, 28(2), 105-109.
  52. Bailey EV, Wilson FA (2022). Vaccine Uptake in the US After Full Food and Drug Administration Approval of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. JAMA Netw Open, 5(4), e226108.
  53. Trout KE, Chen LW, Wilson FA, Tak HJ, Palm D (2021). The Impact of Electronic Health Records and Meaningful Use on Inpatient Quality. J Healthc Qual, 44(2), e15-e23.
  54. Chhibber A, Kharat A, Duong K, Nelson RE, Samore MH, Wilson FA, Chaiyakunapruk N (2021). Strategies to minimize inequity in COVID-19 vaccine access in the US: Implications for future vaccine rollouts. Lancet Reg Health Am, 7, 100138.
  55. Roy S, Wilson FA, Chen LW, Kim J, Yu F (2021). The Link Between Medicaid Expansion and School Absenteeism: Evidence From the Southern United States. J Sch Health, 92(2), 123-131.
  56. Stimpson JP, Becker AW, Shea L, Wilson FA (2022). Association of health insurance coverage and probability of dying in an emergency department or hospital from a motor vehicle traffic injury. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open, 3(1), e12652.
  57. Ertem Z, Schechter-Perkins EM, Oster E, van den Berg P, Epshtein I, Chaiyakunapruk N, Wilson FA, Perencevich E, Pettey WBP, Branch-Elliman W, Nelson RE (2021). The impact of school opening model on SARS-CoV-2 community incidence and mortality. Nat Med, 27(12), 2120-2126.
  58. Tatar M, Faraji MR, Montazeri Shoorekchali J, Pagn JA, Wilson FA (2021). The role of good governance in the race for global vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep, 11(1), 22440.
  59. Tak HJ, Goldsweig AM, Wilson FA, Schram AW, Saunders MR, Hawking M, Gupta T, Yuan C, Chen LW (2021). Association of Post-discharge Service Types and Timing with 30-Day Readmissions, Length of Stay, and Costs. J Gen Intern Med, 36(8), 2197-2204.
  60. Ertem Z, Schechter-Perkins E, Oster E, van den Berg P, Epshtein I, Chaiyakunapruk N, Wilson F, Perenchevich E, Pettey W, Branch-Elliman W, Nelson R (2021). The Impact of School Opening Model on SARS-CoV-2 Community Incidence and Mortality: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Res Sq.
  61. Tatar M, Habibdoust A, Wilson FA (2021). Analysis of Excess Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the State of Florida. Am J Public Health, 111(4), 704-707.
  62. Martin BI, Brodke DS, Wilson FA, Chaiyakunapruk N, Nelson RE (2021). The Impact of Halting Elective Admissions in Anticipation of a Demand Surge Due to the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). Med Care, 59(3), 213-219.
  63. Wilson FA, Zallman L, Pagn JA, Ortega AN, Wang Y, Tatar M, Stimpson JP (2020). Comparison of Use of Health Care Services and Spending for Unauthorized Immigrants vs Authorized Immigrants or US Citizens Using a Machine Learning Model. JAMA Netw Open, 3(12), e2029230.
  64. Stimpson JP, Langellier BA, Wilson FA (2020). Time Spent Eating, by Immigrant Status, Race/Ethnicity, and Length of Residence in the United States. Prev Chronic Dis, 17, E150.
  65. Roy S, Wilson FA, Chen LW, Kim J, Yu F (2020). The Impact of Medicaid Expansion for Adults Under the Affordable Care Act on Preventive Care for Children: Evidence From the Southern United States. Med Care, 58(11), 945-951.
  66. Tatar M, Keeshin SW, Mailliard M, Wilson FA (2020). Cost-effectiveness of Universal and Targeted Hepatitis C Virus Screening in the United States. JAMA Netw Open, 3(9), e2015756.
  67. Wilson FA, Miller TL, Stimpson JP (2020). COVID-19 and TB control in immigrant communities. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 24(9), 975-977.
  68. Wilson FA, Stimpson JP (2020). US Policies Increase Vulnerability of Immigrant Communities to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Ann Glob Health, 86(1), 57.
  69. Larson JL, Rosen AB, Wilson FA (2019). The effect of telehealth interventions on quality of life of cancer survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Informatics J, 26(2), 1060-1078.
  70. Wilson FA, Mosalpuria K, Stimpson JP (2020). Association Between Opioid Prescriptions and Non-US-Born Status in the US. JAMA Netw Open, 3(6), e206745.
  71. Wani RJ, Watanabe-Galloway S, Tak HJ, Chen LW, Wehbi N, Wilson F (2020). Utilisation of emergency departments of behavioural disorders and supply of workforce in Nebraska. Evid Based Ment Health, 23(2), 57-66.
  72. Araz OM, Ramirez-Nafarrate A, Jehn M, Wilson FA (2020). The importance of widespread testing for COVID-19 pandemic: systems thinking for drive-through testing sites. Health Syst (Basingstoke), 9(2), 119-123.
  73. Stimpson JP, Park S, Wilson FA (2020). Association of Arkansas's section 1115 Medicaid waiver with health insurance coverage. PLoS One, 15(4), e0231417.
  74. Wilson FA, Stimpson JP (2020). Federal and State Policies Affecting Immigrant Access to Health Care. JAMA Health Forum, 1(4), e200271.
  75. Stimpson JP, Kemmick Pintor J, Wilson FA (2019). Association of Medicaid expansion with health insurance coverage by marital status and sex. PLoS One, 14(10), e0223556.
  76. Stimpson JP, Wang Y, Wilson FA (2019). Association of Indiana's Section 1115 Waiver With Medicaid Enrollment. JAMA Netw Open, 2(10), e1912922.
  77. Rampa S, Wilson FA, Tak HJ, Roy S, Wani RJ, Markiewicz MR, Allareddy V (2019). Patient Characteristics and Causes of Facial Fractures in the State of California. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 77(9), 1855-1866.
  78. Tak HJ, Chen LW, Wilson FA, Goldsweig AM, Oleynikov D, Hawking M, Shih YT (2019). Post-Discharge Services for Different Diagnoses Than Index Hospitalization Predict Decreased 30-Day Readmissions Among Medicare Beneficiaries. J Gen Intern Med, 34(9), 1766-1774.
  79. Stimpson JP, Kemmick Pintor J, McKenna RM, Park S, Wilson FA (2019). Association of Medicaid Expansion With Health Insurance Coverage Among Persons With a Disability. JAMA Netw Open, 2(7), e197136.
  80. Wang Y, Laestadius L, Stimpson JP, Wilson FA (2019). Association Between E-Cigarette Use and Acculturation Among Adult Immigrants in the United States. Subst Abuse, 13, 1178221819855086.
  81. Johansson P, Schober DJ, Leon MA, Brueggemann G, Tutsch SF, Lyden E, Wilson FA, Schulz PS, Zimmerman L, Estabrooks P (2019). Adapting an Evidence-Based Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction Intervention to Urban American Indians. J Health Care Poor Underserved, 30(2), 618-636.
  82. Wehbi NK, Wani R, Yang Y, Wilson F, Medcalf S, Monaghan B, Adams J, Paulman P (2018). A needs assessment for simulation-based training of emergency medical providers in Nebraska, USA. Adv Simul (Lond), 3, 22.
  83. Wang Y, Do DP, Wilson FA (2018). Immigrants' Use of eHealth Services in the United States, National Health Interview Survey, 2011-2015. Public Health Rep, 133(6), 677-684.
  84. Young L, Gilbert C, Kim J, Seo Y, Wilson FA, Chen LW (2016). Examining Characteristics of Hospitalizations in Heart Failure Patients: Results from the 2009 All-payer Data. J Fam Med Dis Prev, 2(2).

Review

  1. Tatar M, Shoorekchali JM, Faraji MR, Wilson FA (2021). International COVID-19 vaccine inequality amid the pandemic: Perpetuating a global crisis? [Review]. J Glob Health, 11, 03086.
  2. Lamsal R, Napit K, Rosen AB, Wilson FA (2021). Paid Sick Leave and Healthcare Utilization in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. [Review]. Am J Prev Med, 60(6), 856-865.
  3. Tatar M, Wilson FA (2021). The largest vaccination campaign in history: A golden opportunity for bundling public health interventions. [Review]. J Glob Health, 11, 03076.
  4. Su D, Zhou J, Kelley MS, Michaud TL, Siahpush M, Kim J, Wilson F, Stimpson JP, Pagn JA (2016). Does telemedicine improve treatment outcomes for diabetes? A meta-analysis of results from 55 randomized controlled trials. [Review]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 116, 136-48.

Editorial

  1. Goldstein EV, Wilson FA (2022). Hispanic Immigrants and Suicide: Overcoming Data Challenges in an Anti-immigrant Climate. AJPM Focus, 1(2), 100038.

Letter

  1. Goldstein EV, Bailey EV, Wilson FA (2022). Discrimination and Suicidality Among Hispanic Mental Health Patients, 2010-2020: A Natural Language Processing Approach. [Letter to the editor]. Psychiatr Serv, 73(11), 1313-1314.
  2. Tatar M, Habibdoust A, Wilson FA (2021). Excess Deaths Reveal the Substantial Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mortality in the State of Florida. [Letter to the editor]. Am J Public Health, 111(7), e3-e4.

Other

  1. Ertem Z, Schechter-Perkins EM, Oster E, van den Berg P, Epshtein I, Chaiyakunapruk N, Wilson FA, Perencevich E, Pettey WBP, Branch-Elliman W, Nelson RE (2022). Author Correction: The impact of school opening model on SARS-CoV-2 community incidence and mortality. Nat Med (28(1), p. 212). United States.