A man with a gray beard and glasses sitting in an office chair, wearing a gray sweater with a white collared shirt.

Gary C. Schoenwolf, PhD

Languages spoken: English

Academic Information

Departments Primary - Neurobiology

The Schoenwolf laboratory addresses the general question of how intercellular and intracellular signaling results in the generation of pattern during vertebrate embryogenesis. Although we work on a number of diverse organ rudiments and developmental events using multiple experimental organisms, our current work is focused on normal and abnormal development of the inner ear. Our research combines molecular, cellular, embryological, transgenic, imaging, and in vitro and in vivo approaches. This work is relevant for understanding birth defects, cancer, and aging.

Dr. Schoenwolf is also actively involved in mentoring and teaching grant writing.

Education History

Undergraduate Elmhurst College
 BA
Graduate Training University of Illinois
 MS
Graduate Training University of Washington, Friday Harbor Laboratories
Doctoral Training University of Illinois
 PhD
Postdoctoral Fellowship University of New Mexico
 Postdoctoral Fellow
Other Training University of Utah
 Certificate

Selected Publications

Journal Article

  1. Schoenwolf GC (1979). Observations on closure of the neuropores in the chick embryo. Am J Anat, 155(4), 445-65.
  2. Pacheco MA, Marks RW, Schoenwolf GC, Desmond ME (1986). Quantification of the initial phases of rapid brain enlargement in the chick embryo. Am J Anat, 175(4), 403-11.
  3. Schoenwolf GC (1984). Histological and ultrastructural studies of secondary neurulation in mouse embryos. Am J Anat, 169(4), 361-76.
  4. Schoenwolf GC, Kelley RO (1980). Characterization of intercellular junctions in the caudal portion of the developing neural tube of the chick embryo. Am J Anat, 158(1), 29-41.
  5. Schoenwolf GC, Delongo J (1980). Ultrastructure of secondary neurulation in the chick embryo. Am J Anat, 158(1), 43-63.
  6. Fineman RM, Schoenwolf GC, Huff M, Davis PL (1986). Causes of windowing-induced dysmorphogenesis (neural tube defects and early amnion deficit spectrum) in chicken embryos. Am J Med Genet, 25(3), 489-505.
  7. Fineman RM, Schoenwolf GC (1987). Animal model: dysmorphogenesis and death in a chicken embryo model. Am J Med Genet, 27(3), 543-52.
  8. Schoenwolf GC, Everaert S, Bortier H, Vakaet L (1989). Neural plate- and neural tube-forming potential of isolated epiblast areas in avian embryos. Anat Embryol (Berl), 179(6), 541-9.
  9. Schoenwolf GC (1981). Morphogenetic processes involved in the remodeling of the tail region of the chick embryo. Anat Embryol (Berl), 162(2), 183-97.
  10. Inagaki T, Schoenwolf GC (1993). Axis development in avian embryos: the ability of Hensen's node to self-differentiate, as analyzed with heterochronic grafting experiments. Anat Embryol (Berl), 188(1), 1-11.
  11. Lawson A, Schoenwolf GC, England MA, Addai FK, Ahima RS (1999). Programmed cell death and the morphogenesis of the hindbrain roof plate in the chick embryo. Anat Embryol (Berl), 200(5), 509-19.
  12. Karabagli H, Karabagli P, Ladher RK, Schoenwolf GC (2002). Comparison of the expression patterns of several fibroblast growth factors during chick gastrulation and neurulation. Anat Embryol (Berl), 205(5-6), 365-70.
  13. Schoenwolf GC (1978). Effects of complete tail bud extirpation on early development of the posterior region of the chick embryo. Anat Rec, 192(2), 289-95.
  14. Schoenwolf GC (1979). Histological and ultrastructural observations of tail bud formation in the chick embryo. Anat Rec, 193(1), 131-47.
  15. Schoenwolf GC (1992). Morphological and mapping studies of the paranodal and postnodal levels of the neural plate during chick neurulation. Anat Rec, 233(2), 281-90.
  16. Dias MS, Schoenwolf GC (1990). Formation of ectopic neurepithelium in chick blastoderms: age-related capacities for induction and self-differentiation following transplantation of quail Hensen's nodes. Anat Rec, 228(4), 437-48.
  17. Schoenwolf GC, Folsom D, Moe A (1988). A reexamination of the role of microfilaments in neurulation in the chick embryo. Anat Rec, 220(1), 87-102.
  18. Schoenwolf GC, Powers ML (1987). Shaping of the chick neuroepithelium during primary and secondary neurulation: role of cell elongation. Anat Rec, 218(2), 182-95.
  19. Smith JL, Schoenwolf GC (1987). Cell cycle and neuroepithelial cell shape during bending of the chick neural plate. Anat Rec, 218(2), 196-206.
  20. Schoenwolf GC, Desmond ME (1984). Descriptive studies of occlusion and reopening of the spinal canal of the early chick embryo. Anat Rec, 209(2), 251-63.
  21. Waterman RE, Schoenwolf GC (1980). The ultrastructure of oral (buccopharyngeal) membrane formation and rupture in the chick embryo. Anat Rec, 197(4), 441-70.
  22. Schoenwolf GC, Singh U (1981). Changes in the surface morphologies of the cells in the bursa cloacalis (bursa of Fabricius) and thymus during ontogeny of the chick embryo. Anat Rec, 201(2), 303-16.
  23. Sausedo RA, Schoenwolf GC (1994). Quantitative analyses of cell behaviors underlying notochord formation and extension in mouse embryos. Anat Rec, 239(1), 103-12.
  24. Sausedo RA, Schoenwolf GC (1993). Cell behaviors underlying notochord formation and extension in avian embryos: quantitative and immunocytochemical studies. Anat Rec, 237(1), 58-70.
  25. Ellis LC, Smith AM, Alvarez IS, Schoenwolf GC (1993). Monoclonal antibodies identifying subsets of ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal cells in gastrulating and neurulating avian embryos. Anat Rec, 235(4), 591-603.
  26. Garton HJ, Schoenwolf GC (1996). Improving the efficacy of fluorescent labeling for histological tracking of cells in early mammalian and avian embryos. Anat Rec, 244(1), 112-17.
  27. Thayer JM, Schoenwolf GC (1998). Early expression of Osteopontin in the chick is restricted to rhombomeres 5 and 6 and to a subpopulation of neural crest cells that arise from these segments. Anat Rec, 250(2), 199-209.
  28. Lawson A, Colas JF, Schoenwolf GC (2000). Ectodermal markers delineate the neural fold interface during avian neurulation. Anat Rec, 260(1), 106-9.
  29. Yuan S, Schoenwolf GC (2000). Islet-1 marks the early heart rudiments and is asymmetrically expressed during early rotation of the foregut in the chick embryo. Anat Rec, 260(2), 204-7.
  30. Lawson A, Anderson H, Schoenwolf GC (2001). Cellular mechanisms of neural fold formation and morphogenesis in the chick embryo. Anat Rec, 262(2), 153-68.
  31. Lawson A, Colas JF, Schoenwolf GC (2001). Classification scheme for genes expressed during formation and progression of the avian primitive streak. Anat Rec, 262(2), 221-6.
  32. Lawson A, Schoenwolf GC (2001). New insights into critical events of avian gastrulation. Anat Rec, 262(3), 238-52.
  33. Karabagli H, Karabagli P, Ladher RK, Schoenwolf GC (2002). Survey of fibroblast growth factor expression during chick organogenesis. Anat Rec, 268(1), 1-6.
  34. Schoenwolf, G.C., N.B. Chandle (1983). A novel sectioning technique for use in descriptive embryology: Bridging the gap between paraffin and plastic serial sections. The Anatomical record, 206, 221-225.
  35. Schoenwolf G (2000). Molecular genetic control of axis patterning during early embryogenesis of vertebrates. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 919, 246-60.
  36. Sawitzke AL, Chapman SC, Bleyl SB, Schoenwolf G (2005). Improvements in histological quality and signal retention following in situ hybridization in early chick embryos using plastic resin and recolorization. Biotechnic & histochemistry, 80(1), 35-41.
  37. Darnell DK, Schoenwolf GC, Ordahl C (1992). Changes in dorsoventral but not rostrocaudal regionalization of the chick neural tube in the absence of cranial notochord, as revealed by expression of engrailed-2. Developmental dynamics, 193(4), 389-96.
  38. Schoenwolf GC, Garcia-Martinez V, Dias M (1992). Mesoderm movement and fate during avian gastrulation and neurulation. Developmental dynamics, 193(3), 235-48.
  39. Garcia-Martinez V, Schoenwolf G (1992). Positional control of mesoderm movement and fate during avian gastrulation and neurulation. Developmental dynamics, 193(3), 249-56.
  40. Sulik K, Dehart DB, Iangaki T, Carson JL, Vrablic T, Gesteland K, Schoenwolf G (1994). Morphogenesis of the murine node and notochordal plate. Developmental dynamics, 201(3), 260-78.
  41. Smith JL, Gesteland KM, Schoenwolf G (1994). Prospective fate map of the mouse primitive streak at 7.5 days of gestation. Developmental dynamics, 201(3), 279-89.
  42. Inagaki T, Garcia-Martinez V, Schoenwolf G (1993). Regulative ability of the prospective cardiogenic and vasculogenic areas of the primitive streak during avian gastrulation. Developmental dynamics, 197(1), 57-68.
  43. Moury JD, Schoenwolf G (1995). Cooperative model of epithelial shaping and bending during avian neurulation: autonomous movements of the neural plate, autonomous movements of the epidermis, and interactions in the neural plate/epidermis transition zone. Developmental dynamics, 204(3), 323-37.
  44. Darnell DK, Schoenwolf G (1997). Vertical induction of engrailed-2 and other region-specific markers in the early chick embryo. Developmental dynamics, 209(1), 45-58.
  45. Hackett DA, Smith JL, Schoenwolf G (1997). Epidermal ectoderm is required for full elevation and for convergence during bending of the avian neural plate. Developmental dynamics, 210(4), 397-406.
  46. Colas JF, Lawson A, Schoenwolf G (2000). Evidence that translation of smooth muscle alpha-actin mRNA is delayed in the chick promyocardium until fusion of the bilateral heart-forming regions. Developmental dynamics, 218(2), 316-30.
  47. Chapman SC, Collignon J, Schoenwolf GC, Lumsden (2001). Improved method for chick whole-embryo culture using a filter paper carrier. Developmental dynamics, 220(3), 284-9.
  48. Healy KH, Schoenwolf GC, Darnell D (2001). Cell interactions underlying notochord induction and formation in the chick embryo. Developmental dynamics, 222(2), 165-77.
  49. Schoenwolf G (2003). Book look. Developmental dynamics, 227(4), 469.
  50. Schoenwolf G (2003). What's cool in Dev Bio. Developmental dynamics, 228(2), 151.
  51. Wright TJ, Hatch EP, Karabagli H, Karabagli P, Schoenwolf GC, Mansour S (2003). Expression of mouse fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptor genes during early inner ear development. Developmental dynamics, 228(2), 267-72.
  52. Schoenwolf G (2003). In memory of John Philip Trinkaus. Developmental dynamics, 228(4), 585.
  53. Schoenwolf G (2003). Trink: His life, his philosophy. Developmental dynamics, 228(4), 591-593.
  54. Schoenwolf G (2004). In honor of James A. Weston and the neural crest. Developmental dynamics, 229(1), 1.
  55. Antin PB, Fallon JF, Schoenwolf G (2004). The chick embryo rules (still)!. Developmental dynamics, 229(3), 413.
  56. Chapman SC, Brown R, Lees L, Schoenwolf GC, Lumsden (2004). Expression analysis of chick Wnt and frizzled genes and selected inhibitors in early chick patterning. Developmental dynamics, 229(3), 668-76.
  57. Lopez-Sanchez C, Garcia-Martinez V, Lawson A, Chapman SC, Schoenwolf G (2004). Rapid triple-labeling method combining in situ hybridization and double immunocytochemistry. Developmental dynamics, 230(2), 309-15.
  58. Anderson-Berry A, O'Brien EA, Bleyl SB, Lawson A, Gundersen N, Ryssman D, Sweeley J, Dahl MJ, Drake CJ, Schoenwolf GC, Albertine K (2005). Vasculogenesis drives pulmonary vascular growth in the developing chick embryo. Developmental dynamics, 233(1), 145-53.
  59. Decastro M, Saijoh Y, Schoenwolf G (2006). Optimized cationic lipid-based gene delivery reagents for use in developing vertebrate embryos. Developmental dynamics, 235(8), 2210-9.
  60. Chapman SC, Cai Q, Bleyl SB, Schoenwolf G (2006). Restricted expression of Fgf16 within the developing chick inner ear. Developmental dynamics, 235(8), 2276-81.
  61. Nishita J, Ohta S, Bleyl SB, Schoenwolf G (2011). Detection of isoform-specific fibroblast growth factor receptors by whole-mount in situ hybridization in early chick embryos. Developmental dynamics, 240(6), 1537-47.
  62. Wright, T.J., E. Hatch, H. Karbagli, G.C. Schoenwolf, S.L. Mansou (2003). Expression of mouse fibroglast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptor genes during early inner ear development. Developmental dynamics, 228, 267-272.
  63. Rodriguez-Gallardo L, Climent V, Garcia-Martinez V, Schoenwolf GC, Alvarez I (1997). Targeted over-expression of FGF in chick embryos induces formation of ectopic neural cells. The International journal of developmental biology, 41(5), 715-23.
  64. Inagaki T, Schoenwolf GC, Walker M (1997). Experimental model: change in the posterior fossa with surgically induced spina bifida aperta in mouse. Pediatric neurosurgery, 26(4), 185-9.
  65. Yuan S, Schoenwolf G (1999). The spatial and temporal pattern of C-Lmx1 expression in the neuroectoderm during chick neurulation. Mechanisms of development, 88(2), 243-7.
  66. Stark MR, Biggs JJ, Schoenwolf GC, Rao M (2000). Characterization of avian frizzled genes in cranial placode development. Mechanisms of development, 93(1-2), 195-200.
  67. Stark MR, Rao MS, Schoenwolf GC, Yang G, Smith D, Mauch T (2000). Frizzled-4 expression during chick kidney development. Mechanisms of development, 98(1-2), 121-5.
  68. Gallego-Diaz V, Schoenwolf GC, Alvarez I (2002). The effects of BMPs on early chick embryos suggest a conserved signaling mechanism for epithelial and neural induction among vertebrates. Brain research bulletin, 57(3-4), 289-91.
  69. Bleyl SB, Saijoh Y, Bax NA, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Wisse LJ, Chapman SC, Hunter J, Shiratori H, Hamada H, Yamada S, Shiota K, Klewer SE, Leppert MF, Schoenwolf G (2010). Dysregulation of the PDGFRA gene causes inflow tract anomalies including TAPVR: integrating evidence from human genetics and model organisms. Human molecular genetics, 19(7), 1286-301.
  70. Darnell DK, Schoenwolf G (2000). The chick embryo as a model system for analyzing mechanisms of development. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 135, 25-9.
  71. Darnell DK, Schoenwolf G (2000). Culture of avian embryos. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 135, 31-8.
  72. Darnell DK, Garcia-Martinez V, Lopez-Sanchez C, Yuan S, Schoenwolf G (2000). Dynamic labeling techniques for fate mapping, testing cell commitment, and following living cells in avian embryos. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 135, 305-21.
  73. Darnell DK, Schoenwolf G (2000). Transplantation chimeras. Use in analyzing mechanisms of avian development. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 135, 367-71.
  74. Smith JL, Schoenwolf G (1988). Role of cell-cycle in regulating neuroepithelial cell shape during bending of the chick neural plate. Cell and tissue research, 252(3), 491-500.
  75. Schoenwolf GC, Yuan (1995). Experimental analyses of the rearrangement of ectodermal cells during gastrulation and neurulation in avian embryos. Cell and tissue research, 280(2), 243-51.
  76. Lopez-Sanchez C, Climent V, Schoenwolf GC, Alvarez IS, Garcia-Martinez (2002). Induction of cardiogenesis by Hensen's node and fibroblast growth factors. Cell and tissue research, 309(2), 237-49.
  77. Colas JF, Schoenwolf G (2003). Localization of cartilage linking protein 1 during primary neurulation in the chick embryo. Brain research. Developmental brain research, 141(1-2), 141-8.
  78. Yuan S, Darnell DK, Schoenwolf G (1995). Mesodermal patterning during avian gastrulation and neurulation: experimental induction of notochord from non-notochordal precursor cells. Developmental genetics, 17(1), 38-54.
  79. Alvarez IS, Schoenwolf G (1991). Patterns of neurepithelial cell rearrangement during avian neurulation are determined prior to notochordal inductive interactions. Developmental biology, 143(1), 78-92.
  80. Schoenwolf G (1985). Shaping and bending of the avian neuroepithelium: morphometric analyses. Developmental biology, 109(1), 127-39.
  81. Schoenwolf GC, Chandler NB, Smith J (1985). Analysis of the origins and early fates of neural crest cells in caudal regions of avian embryos. Developmental biology, 110(2), 467-79.
  82. Schoenwolf GC, Franks M (1984). Quantitative analyses of changes in cell shapes during bending of the avian neural plate. Developmental biology, 105(2), 257-72.
  83. Garcia-Martinez V, Schoenwolf G (1993). Primitive-streak origin of the cardiovascular system in avian embryos. Developmental biology, 159(2), 706-19.
  84. Yuan S, Darnell DK, Schoenwolf G (1995). Identification of inducing, responding, and suppressing regions in an experimental model of notochord formation in avian embryos. Developmental biology, 172(2), 567-84.
  85. Garcia-Martinez V, Darnell DK, Lopez-Sanchez C, Sosic D, Olson EN, Schoenwolf G (1997). State of commitment of prospective neural plate and prospective mesoderm in late gastrula/early neurula stages of avian embryos. Developmental biology, 181(1), 102-15.
  86. Davidson BP, Kinder SJ, Steiner K, Schoenwolf GC, Tam P (1999). Impact of node ablation on the morphogenesis of the body axis and the lateral asymmetry of the mouse embryo during early organogenesis. Developmental biology, 211(1), 11-26.
  87. Mauch TJ, Yang G, Wright M, Smith D, Schoenwolf G (2000). Signals from trunk paraxial mesoderm induce pronephros formation in chick intermediate mesoderm. Developmental biology, 220(1), 62-75.
  88. Chapman SC, Schubert FR, Schoenwolf GC, Lumsden (2002). Analysis of spatial and temporal gene expression patterns in blastula and gastrula stage chick embryos. Developmental biology, 245(1), 187-99.
  89. Kirby ML, Lawson A, Stadt HA, Kumiski DH, Wallis KT, McCraney E, Waldo KL, Li YX, Schoenwolf G (2003). Hensen's node gives rise to the ventral midline of the foregut: implications for organizing head and heart development. Developmental biology, 253(2), 175-88.
  90. Wright TJ, Ladher R, McWhirter J, Murre C, Schoenwolf GC, Mansour S (2004). Mouse FGF15 is the ortholog of human and chick FGF19, but is not uniquely required for otic induction. Developmental biology, 269(1), 264-75.
  91. Urness LD, Paxton CN, Wang X, Schoenwolf GC, Mansour S (2010). FGF signaling regulates otic placode induction and refinement by controlling both ectodermal target genes and hindbrain Wnt8a. Developmental biology, 340(2), 595-604.
  92. Ohta S, Mansour SL, Schoenwolf G (2010). BMP/SMAD signaling regulates the cell behaviors that drive the initial dorsal-specific regional morphogenesis of the otocyst. Developmental biology, 347(2), 369-81.
  93. Hung IH, Schoenwolf GC, Lewandoski M, Ornitz D (2016). A combined series of Fgf9 and Fgf18 mutant alleles identifies unique and redundant roles in skeletal development. Developmental biology, 411(1), 72-84.
  94. Ohta S, Wang B, Mansour SL, Schoenwolf G (2016). SHH ventralizes the otocyst by maintaining basal PKA activity and regulating GLI3 signaling. Developmental biology, 420(1), 100-109.
  95. Schoenwolf G (2013). Getting published well requires fulfilling editors' and reviewers' needs and desires. Development, growth & differentiation, 55(9), 735-43.
  96. Colas JF, Schoenwolf G (2003). Differential expression of two cell adhesion molecules, Ephrin-A5 and Integrin alpha6, during cranial neurulation in the chick embryo. Developmental neuroscience, 25(5), 357-65.
  97. Schoenwolf GC, Alvarez I (1991). Specification of neurepithelium and surface epithelium in avian transplantation chimeras. Development (Cambridge, England), 112(3), 713-22.
  98. Schoenwolf GC, Alvarez I (1989). Roles of neuroepithelial cell rearrangement and division in shaping of the avian neural plate. Development (Cambridge, England), 106(3), 427-39.
  99. Schoenwolf GC, Sheard (1989). Shaping and bending of the avian neural plate as analysed with a fluorescent-histochemical marker. Development (Cambridge, England), 105(1), 17-25.
  100. Yuan S, Schoenwolf G (1998). De novo induction of the organizer and formation of the primitive streak in an experimental model of notochord reconstitution in avian embryos. Development (Cambridge, England), 125(2), 201-13.
  101. Yuan S, Schoenwolf G (1999). Reconstitution of the organizer is both sufficient and required to re-establish a fully patterned body plan in avian embryos. Development (Cambridge, England), 126(11), 2461-73.
  102. Darnell DK, Stark MR, Schoenwolf G (1999). Timing and cell interactions underlying neural induction in the chick embryo. Development (Cambridge, England), 126(11), 2505-14.
  103. Lawson A, Schoenwolf G (2003). Epiblast and primitive-streak origins of the endoderm in the gastrulating chick embryo. Development (Cambridge, England), 130(15), 3491-501.
  104. Chapman SC, Schubert FR, Schoenwolf GC, Lumsden (2003). Anterior identity is established in chick epiblast by hypoblast and anterior definitive endoderm. Development (Cambridge, England), 130(21), 5091-101.
  105. Chapman SC, Lawson A, Macarthur WC, Wiese RJ, Loechel RH, Burgos-Trinidad M, Wakefield JK, Ramabhadran R, Mauch TJ, Schoenwolf G (2005). Ubiquitous GFP expression in transgenic chickens using a lentiviral vector. Development (Cambridge, England), 132(5), 935-40.
  106. Ohta S, Wang B, Mansour SL, Schoenwolf G (2016). BMP regulates regional gene expression in the dorsal otocyst through canonical and non-canonical intracellular pathways. Development (Cambridge, England), 143(12), 2228-37.
  107. Ladher RK, Wright TJ, Moon AM, Mansour SL, Schoenwolf G (2005). FGF8 initiates inner ear induction in chick and mouse. Genes & development, 19(5), 603-13.
  108. Colas JF, Schoenwolf G (2000). Subtractive hybridization identifies chick-cripto, a novel EGF-CFC ortholog expressed during gastrulation, neurulation and early cardiogenesis. Gene, 255(2), 205-17.
  109. Smith JL, Schoenwolf G (1991). Further evidence of extrinsic forces in bending of the neural plate. The Journal of comparative neurology, 307(2), 225-36.
  110. Schoenwolf G (1988). Microsurgical analyses of avian neurulation: separation of medial and lateral tissues. The Journal of comparative neurology, 276(4), 498-507.
  111. Schoenwolf GC, Desmond M (1986). Timing and positioning of reopening of the occluded spinal neurocele in the chick embryo. The Journal of comparative neurology, 246(4), 459-66.
  112. Desmond ME, Schoenwolf G (1985). Timing and positioning of occlusion of the spinal neurocele in the chick embryo. The Journal of comparative neurology, 235(4), 479-87.
  113. Schoenwolf GC, Nichols D (1984). Histological and ultrastructural studies on the origin of caudal neural crest cells in mouse embryos. The Journal of comparative neurology, 222(4), 496-505.
  114. Smith JL, Schoenwolf GC, Quan (1994). Quantitative analyses of neuroepithelial cell shapes during bending of the mouse neural plate. The Journal of comparative neurology, 342(1), 144-51.
  115. Sausedo RA, Smith JL, Schoenwolf G (1997). Role of nonrandomly oriented cell division in shaping and bending of the neural plate. The Journal of comparative neurology, 381(4), 473-88.
  116. Chapman SC, Sawitzke AL, Campbell DS, Schoenwolf G (2005). A three-dimensional atlas of pituitary gland development in the zebrafish. The Journal of comparative neurology, 487(4), 428-40.
  117. Desmond ME, Schoenwolf G (1986). Evaluation of the roles of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in occlusion of the spinal neurocoel during rapid brain enlargement in the chick embryo. Journal of embryology and experimental morphology, 97, 25-46.
  118. Schoenwolf GC, Fisher (1983). Analysis of the effects of Streptomyces hyaluronidase on formation of the neural tube. Journal of embryology and experimental morphology, 73, 1-15.
  119. Alvarez IS, Schoenwolf G (1992). Expansion of surface epithelium provides the major extrinsic force for bending of the neural plate. The Journal of experimental zoology, 261(3), 340-8.
  120. Schoenwolf GC, Sheard (1990). Fate mapping the avian epiblast with focal injections of a fluorescent-histochemical marker: ectodermal derivatives. The Journal of experimental zoology, 255(3), 323-39.
  121. Schoenwolf GC, Bortier H, Vakaet (1989). Fate mapping the avian neural plate with quail/chick chimeras: origin of prospective median wedge cells. The Journal of experimental zoology, 249(3), 271-8.
  122. Smith JL, Schoenwolf G (1989). Notochordal induction of cell wedging in the chick neural plate and its role in neural tube formation. The Journal of experimental zoology, 250(1), 49-62.
  123. Schoenwolf GC, Desmond M (1984). Neural tube occlusion precedes rapid brain enlargement. The Journal of experimental zoology, 230(3), 405-7.
  124. Costanzo R, Watterson RL, Schoenwolf G (1982). Evidence that secondary neurulation occurs autonomously in the chick embryo. The Journal of experimental zoology, 219(2), 233-40.
  125. Garcia-Martinez V, Alvarez IS, Schoenwolf G (1993). Locations of the ectodermal and nonectodermal subdivisions of the epiblast at stages 3 and 4 of avian gastrulation and neurulation. The Journal of experimental zoology, 267(4), 431-46.
  126. Schoenwolf, G.C (1977). Tail (end) bud contributions to the posterior region of the chick embryo. The Journal of experimental zoology, 201, 227-246.
  127. Schoenwolf GC, Bell LA, Watterson R (1981). Vasculogenesis of the bursa cloacalis (bursa of Fabricius) of the chick embryo. Journal of morphology, 167(1), 35-42.
  128. Darnell DK, Schoenwolf G (1995). Dorsoventral patterning of the avian mesencephalon/metencephalon: role of the notochord and floor plate in suppressing Engrailed-2. Journal of neurobiology, 26(1), 62-74.
  129. Schoenwolf, G.C (1978). An SEM study of posterior spinal cord development region of the chick embryo. Scanning electron microscopy, II, 739-746.
  130. Ladher RK, Anakwe KU, Gurney AL, Schoenwolf GC, Francis-West P (2000). Identification of synergistic signals initiating inner ear development. Science (New York, N.Y.), 290(5498), 1965-7.
  131. Chandler NB, Schoenwolf G (1983). Wrinkle-free plastic sections for light microscopy. Stain technology, 58(4), 238-40.
  132. Schoenwolf G (1982). A simple method for fabricating inexpensive storage boxes for 6.35 mm-thick glass knives. Stain technology, 57(3), 185-90.
  133. Fisher M, Schoenwolf G (1983). The use of early chick embryos in experimental embryology and teratology: improvements in standard procedures. Teratology, 27(1), 65-72.
  134. Bleyl SB, Moshrefi A, Shaw GM, Saijoh Y, Schoenwolf GC, Pennacchio LA, Slavotinek A (2007). Candidate genes for congenital diaphragmatic hernia from animal models: sequencing of FOG2 and PDGFRalpha reveals rare variants in diaphragmatic hernia patients. European journal of human genetics, 15(9), 950-8.
  135. Lopez-Sanchez C, Garcia-Martinez V, Schoenwolf G (2001). Localization of cells of the prospective neural plate, heart and somites within the primitive streak and epiblast of avian embryos at intermediate primitive-streak stages. Cells, tissues, organs, 169(4), 334-46.
  136. Lawson A, Schoenwolf G (2001). Cell populations and morphogenetic movements underlying formation of the avian primitive streak and organizer. Genesis (New York, N.Y., 29(4), 188-95.
  137. Colas JF, Schoenwolf G (2003). Assessing the contributions of gene products to the form-shaping events of neurulation: a transgenic approach in chick. Genesis (New York, N.Y., 37(2), 64-75.
  138. Chapman SC, Matsumoto K, Cai Q, Schoenwolf G (2007). Specification of germ layer identity in the chick gastrula. BMC developmental biology, 7, 91.
  139. Paxton CN, Bleyl SB, Chapman SC, Schoenwolf G (2010). Identification of differentially expressed genes in early inner ear development. Gene expression patterns, 10(1), 31-43.
  140. Schoenwolf G (2002). Principles of developmental biology. Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions, 2(3), 268-9.
  141. Olaya-Sanchez D, Sanchez-Guardado LO, Ohta S, Chapman SC, Schoenwolf GC, Puelles L, Hidalgo-Sanchez (2016). Fgf3 and Fgf16 expression patterns define spatial and temporal domains in the developing chick inner ear. Brain structure & function,
  142. Ohta S, Schoenwolf GC, Yamada (2010). The cessation of gastrulation: BMP signaling and EMT during and at the end of gastrulation. Cell adhesion & migration, 4(3), 440-6.
  143. Keller, R.E., G.C. Schoenwol (1977). An SEM study of cellular morphology, contact, and arrangement, as related to gastrulation in Xenopus laevis. Wilhelm Roux's archives of developmental biology, 182, 165-186.

Review

  1. Schoenwolf, G.C (2000). Molecular genetic control of axis patterning during early embryogenesis of vertebrates. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 919, 246-260.
  2. Colas JF, Schoenwolf G (2001). Towards a cellular and molecular understanding of neurulation. Developmental dynamics, 221(2), 117-45.
  3. Schoenwolf GC, Garcia-Martinez (1995). Primitive-streak origin and state of commitment of cells of the cardiovascular system in avian and mammalian embryos. Cellular & molecular biology research, 41(4), 233-40.
  4. Schoenwolf GC, Smith J (2000). Gastrulation and early mesodermal patterning in vertebrates. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 135, 113-25.
  5. Schoenwolf GC, Smith J (2000). Mechanisms of neurulation. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 136, 125-34.
  6. Inagaki T, Smith JL, Walker ML, Schoenwolf G (2000). Neural tube defects. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 136, 161-6.
  7. Schoenwolf G (1994). Formation and patterning of the avian neuraxis: one dozen hypotheses. Ciba Foundation symposium, 181, 25-38; discussion 38-50.
  8. Schoenwolf GC, Alvarez I (1992). Role of cell rearrangement in axial morphogenesis. Current topics in developmental biology, 27, 129-73.
  9. Smith JL, Schoenwolf G (1998). Getting organized: new insights into the organizer of higher vertebrates. Current topics in developmental biology, 40, 79-110.
  10. Schoenwolf G (1991). Cell movements driving neurulation in avian embryos. Development (Cambridge, England), Suppl 2, 157-68.
  11. Schoenwolf GC, Smith J (1990). Mechanisms of neurulation: traditional viewpoint and recent advances. Development (Cambridge, England), 109(2), 243-70.
  12. Schoenwolf, G.C (1982). On the morphogenesis of the early rudiments of the developing central nervous system. Scanning electron microscopy, I, 289-308.
  13. Schoenwolf, G.C (1983). The chick ephiblast: A model for examining epithelial morphogenesis. Scanning electron microscopy, III, 1371-1385.
  14. Sulik, K.K., G.C. Schoenwol (1985). Highlights of craniofacial morphogenesis, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy, IV, 1735-1752.
  15. Francis-West, P., R.K. Ladher, G.C. Schoewol (2002). Development of Sensory Organs. Science progress, 84, 151-173.
  16. Smith JL, Schoenwolf G (1997). Neurulation: coming to closure. Trends in neurosciences, 20(11), 510-7.
  17. Schoenwolf G (2001). Cutting, pasting and painting: experimental embryology and neural development. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 2(11), 763-71.
  18. Schoenwolf, G.C (2001). Principles fo development biology. Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions, 2, 268-269.

Book

  1. Schoenwolf, G.C. and Mathews, W.W (2003). Atlas of Descriptive Embryology, 6th Edition. 280 pages.
  2. Schoenwolf, G.C., R.L. Watterso (1989). Laboratory Studies of Chick, Pig, and Frog Embryos. Guide and Atlas of Vertebrate Embryology, 6th Edition. 227 pages.
  3. Schoenwolf, G.C (1986). Scanning Electron Microscopy Studies of Embryogenesis. 364 pages.
  4. Schoenwolf, G.C (1995). Laboratory Studies of Vertebrate and Invertebrate Embryos. Guide and Atlas of Descriptive and Experimental Development, 7th Edition. 340 pages.
  5. Mathews, W.W. and G.C. Schoenwol (1998). Atlas of Descriptive Embryology, 5th Edition. 266 pages.
  6. Schoenwolf, G.C (2001). Laboratory Studies of Vertebrate and Invertebrate Embryos. Guide and Atlas of Descriptive and Experimental Developmental, 8th Edition. 360 pages.
  7. Watterson, R.L., G.C. Schoenwolf, R.M. Sweene (1979). Laboratory Studies of Chick, Pig, and Frog Embryos, 4th Edition. 164 pages.
  8. Watterson, R.L., G.C. Schoenwol (1984). Laboratory Studies of Chick, Pig, and Frog Embryos, Guide and Atlas of Vertebrate Embryology, 5 Edition. 203 pages.

Book Chapter

  1. Schoenwolf, G.C (1991). Cell movements in the epiblast during gastrulation and neurulation in avian embryos. 3, 1-28.
  2. Tam PPL, Goldman D, Camus A, Schoenwolf G (2000). Early events of somitogenesis in higher vertebrates: Allocation of precursor cells at gastrulation and the organization of a meristic pattern in the paraxial mesoderm. 47, 1-32.
  3. Darnell, D.K. and G.C. Schoenwol (1996). Modern techniques for cell labeling in avian and murine embryos. 231-273.
  4. Dias, M., G.C. Schoenwol (2001). The molecular biology of early neural development. 73-86.
  5. Ladher, R.K. and G.C. Schoenwol (2003). Neural Induction.
  6. Lawson, A., S. Lewin, G.C. Schoenwol (2003). Neural Tube.
  7. Schoenwolf, G.C., J.L. Smit (1990). Epithlial cell wedging: A fundamental cell behavior contributing to hinge point formation during epithelial morphogenesis. 1, 325-334.
  8. Schoenwolf, G.C (1991). Neurepithelial cell behavior during avian neurulation. 63-78.
  9. Schoenwolf, G.C (1991). Cell movements in the epiblast during gastrulation and neurulation in avian embryos. 3, 1-28.
  10. Schoenwolf, G.C (1997). Reptiles and Birds. 437-458.
  11. Inagaki, T., G.C. Schoenwolf, Y. Yamanouchi, K. Kawamot (1999). Experimental analysis: The cause of neural tube defects and the Chiari II type malformation and the important role for normal neurulation in their prevention. 245-249.
  12. Schoenwolf, G.C (1999). The avian embryo: A model for descriptive and experimental embryology. 429-437.
  13. Tam, P.P.L. and G.C. Schoenwol (1999). Cardiac fate maps: Lineage allocation, morphogenetic movement and cell commitment. 3-18.

Case Report

  1. Bleyl SB, Byrne JL, South ST, Dries DC, Stevenson DA, Rope AF, Vianna-Morgante AM, Schoenwolf GC, Kivlin JD, Brothman A, Carey J (2007). Brachymesomelic dysplasia with Peters anomaly of the eye results from disruptions of the X chromosome near the SHOX and SOX3 genes. American journal of medical genetics. Part A, 143A(23), 2785-95.

Editorial

  1. Antin PB, Schoenwolf GC, Olsen N (2004). A bigger bang for your buck: enhanced access to your chick data. Developmental dynamics, 230(3), 391.
  2. Schoenwolf G (2004). A special focus on the scientific contributions of Ursula K. Abbott and avian developmental genetics. Developmental dynamics, 231(1), 1-3.
  3. Schoenwolf G (2004). DD achieves Zen. Developmental dynamics, 231(3), 461.
  4. Schoenwolf G (2005). Lost in (color) space?. Developmental dynamics, 234(2), 243.

Abstract

  1. G. C. Schoenwol (1996). 1996 Senate Testimony on FY '96 Biomedical Funding. 142,