Joel D. Trinity

Joel D. Trinity, PhD

Languages spoken: English

Academic Information

Departments Primary - Internal Medicine , Adjunct - Physical Therapy & Athletic Training

Divisions: Geriatrics

Dr. Trinity is an Associate Professor in the Department of Internal Medicine and Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology. Dr. Trinity joined the UVRL in 2009 after completing his doctoral training at The University of Texas at Austin. Utilizing an integrative approach that combines in-vivo and in-vitro techniques Dr. Trinity's research examines the on the impact of age and disease, specifically hypertension, on vascular function and blood flow regulation.

Research Statement

Current research interests include an integrative approach to the study of aging and cardiovascular function in health and disease. I am specifically focused on the complex interactions of neural control, oxidative stress, and vascular function in diseased populations including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure, and hypertension. My graduate training focused on human performance and my dissertation work used a systematic approach to study whole body physiology focusing on peripheral and central cardiovascular performance during submaximal and maximal exercise. This research included studies investigating the independent and combined effects of core temperature and skin temperature on cardiovascular performance during exercise. Other interests include how the body balances peripheral (skin and muscle) and central (heart) hemodynamics during intense exercise, primarily during fatigue. Previous research has focused on physiological adaptations to tapering in highly trained swimmers.

Education History

Undergraduate The University of California Santa Cruz
Undergraduate Occidental College
 BA
Graduate Training The University of Texas at Austin
 MA
Doctoral Training The University of Texas at Austin
 PhD
Postdoctoral Fellowship University of Utah
 Postdoctoral Fellow
Fellowship George E Whalen VA Medical Center
 Advanced Fellow

Selected Publications

Journal Article

  1. Broxterman RM, Witman MA, Trinity JD, Groot HJ, Rossman MJ, Park SY, Malenfant S, Gifford JR, Kwon OS, Park SH, Jarrett CL, Shields KL, Hydren JR, Bisconti AV, Owan T, Abraham A, Tandar A, Lui CY, Smith BR, Richardson R (2019). Strong Relationship Between Vascular Function in the Coronary and Brachial Arteries. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex., 74(1), 208-215. (Read full article)
  2. Hydren JR, Broxterman RM, Trinity JD, Gifford JR, Kwon OS, Kithas AC, Richardson R (2019). Delineating the age-related attenuation of vascular function: Evidence supporting the efficacy of the single passive leg movement as a screening tool. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md., 126(6), 1525-1532. (Read full article)
  3. Broxterman RM, La Salle DT, Zhao J, Reese VR, Richardson RS, Trinity J (2019). Influence of dietary inorganic nitrate on blood pressure and vascular function in hypertension: prospective implications for adjunctive treatment. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md., 127(4), 1085-1094. (Read full article)
  4. Ely MR, Ratchford SM, La Salle DT, Trinity JD, Wray DW, Halliwill J (2020). Effect of histamine-receptor antagonism on leg blood flow during exercise. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md., 128(6), 1626-1634. (Read full article)
  5. Ives SJ, Layec G, Hart CR, Trinity JD, Gifford JR, Garten RS, Witman MAH, Sorensen JR, Richardson R (2020). Passive leg movement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: evidence of locomotor muscle vascular dysfunction. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md., 128(5), 1402-1411. (Read full article)
  6. Craig JC, Broxterman RM, Cerbie JF, La Salle DT, Roundy CS, Jarrett CL, Richardson RS, Trinity J (2021). The dynamic adjustment of mean arterial pressure during exercise: a potential tool for discerning cardiovascular health status. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md., 130(5), 1544-1554. (Read full article)
  7. Venturelli M, Amann M, Trinity JD, Ives SJ, Richardson R (2021). Spinal cord injury and vascular function: evidence from diameter-matched vessels. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md., 130(3), 562-570. (Read full article)
  8. Ratchford SM, Clifton HL, La Salle DT, Broxterman RM, Lee JF, Ryan JJ, Hopkins PN, Wright JB, Trinity JD, Richardson RS, Wray D (2020). Cardiovascular responses to rhythmic handgrip exercise in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md., 129(6), 1267-1276. (Read full article)
  9. Trinity JD, Craig JC, Fermoyle CC, McKenzie AI, Lewis MT, Park SH, Rondina MT, Richardson R (2021). Impact of presymptomatic COVID-19 on vascular and skeletal muscle function: a case study. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md., 130(6), 1961-1970. (Read full article)
  10. Craig JC, Broxterman RM, La Salle DT, Cerbie J, Ratchford SM, Gifford JR, Bunsawat K, Nelson AD, Bledsoe AD, Morgan DE, Wray DW, Richardson RS, Trinity J (2020). The role of endothelin A receptors in peripheral vascular control at rest and during exercise in patients with hypertension. The Journal of physiology, 598(1), 71-84. (Read full article)
  11. Berg OK, Kwon OS, Hureau TJ, Clifton HL, Thurston TS, Le Fur Y, Jeong EK, Trinity JD, Richardson RS, Wang E, Layec (2020). Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Adaptations to Maximal Strength Training in Older Adults. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences, 75(12), 2269-2277. (Read full article)
  12. Kithas AC, Broxterman RM, Trinity JD, Gifford JR, Kwon OS, Hydren JR, Nelson AD, Jessop JE, Bledsoe AD, Morgan DE, Richardson R (2020). Nitric oxide synthase inhibition with N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine: Determining the window of effect in the human vasculature. Nitric oxide, 104-105, 51-60. (Read full article)
  13. Ratchford SM, Broxterman RM, La Salle DT, Kwon OS, Park SY, Hopkins PN, Richardson RS, Trinity J (2019). Salt restriction lowers blood pressure at rest and during exercise without altering peripheral hemodynamics in hypertensive individuals. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 317(6), H1194-H1202. (Read full article)
  14. Limberg JK, Casey DP, Trinity JD, Nicholson WT, Wray DW, Tschakovsky ME, Green DJ, Hellsten Y, Fadel PJ, Joyner MJ, Padilla (2020). Assessment of resistance vessel function in human skeletal muscle: guidelines for experimental design, Doppler ultrasound, and pharmacology. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 318(2), H301-H325. (Read full article)
  15. Trinity JD, Kwon OS, Broxterman RM, Gifford JR, Kithas AC, Hydren JR, Jarrett CL, Shields KL, Bisconti AV, Park SH, Craig JC, Nelson AD, Morgan DE, Jessop JE, Bledsoe AD, Richardson R (2021). The role of the endothelium in the hyperemic response to passive leg movement: looking beyond nitric oxide. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 320(2), H668-H678. (Read full article)
  16. Lewis MT, Blain GM, Hart CR, Layec G, Rossman MJ, Park SY, Trinity JD, Gifford JR, Sidhu SK, Weavil JC, Hureau TJ, Jessop JE, Bledsoe AD, Amann M, Richardson R (2021). Acute high-intensity exercise and skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory function: role of metabolic perturbation. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 321(5), R687-R698. (Read full article)
  17. McKenzie AI, Mahmassani ZS, Petrocelli JJ, de Hart NMMP, Fix DK, Ferrara PJ, LaStayo PC, Marcus RL, Rondina MT, Summers SA, Johnson JM, Trinity JD, Funai K, Drummond M (2022). Acute exposure to a clinical dose of metformin increases skeletal muscle mitochondrial H2O2 emission and production in healthy, older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Experimental gerontology, 163, 111804. (Read full article)
  18. Cho JM, Park SK, Kwon OS, La Salle DT, Cerbie J, Fermoyle CC, Morgan D, Nelson A, Bledsoe A, Bharath LP, Tandar M, Kunapuli SP, Richardson RS, Anandh Babu PV, Mookherjee S, Kishore BK, Wang F, Yang T, Boudina S, Trinity JD, Symons J (2022). Activating P2Y1 receptors improves function in arteries with repressed autophagy. Cardiovascular research, 119(1), 252-267. (Read full article)
  19. Broxterman RM, La Salle DT, Zhao J, Reese VR, Kwon OS, Richardson RS, Trinity J (2022). Dietary nitrate supplementation and small muscle mass exercise hemodynamics in patients with essential hypertension. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md., 133(2), 506-516. (Read full article)
  20. Fermoyle CC, Broxterman RM, La Salle DT, Ratchford SM, Hopkins PN, Richardson RS, Trinity J (2022). Persistent vascular dysfunction following an acute nonpharmacological reduction in blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Journal of hypertension, 40(6), 1115-1125. (Read full article)
  21. Bunsawat K, Clifton HL, Ratchford SM, Vranish JR, Alpenglow JK, Haykowsky MJ, Trinity JD, Ryan JJ, Fadel PJ, Wray D (2023). Cardiovascular Responses to Static Handgrip Exercise and Post-Exercise Ischemia in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Journal of applied physiology, 134(6), 1508-1519. (Read full article)
  22. Craig JC, Hart CR, Layec G, Kwon OS, Richardson RS, Trinity J (2022). Impaired hemodynamic response to exercise in patients with peripheral artery disease: evidence of a link to inflammation and oxidative stress. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 323(5), R710-R719. (Read full article)
  23. Christensen JC, Blackburn B, Browning B, Wilbur C, Trinity JD, Gililland JM, Pelt C (2022). Patient-reported outcomes measurement information system physical function and knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score relationship on performance measures in people undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Disability and rehabilitation, 1-9. (Read full article)
  24. Fermoyle CC, La Salle DT, Alpenglow JK, Craig JC, Jarrett CL, Broxterman RM, McKenzie AI, Morgan DE, Birgenheier NM, Wray DW, Richardson RS, Trinity J (2023). Pharmacological modulation of adrenergic tone alters the vasodilatory response to passive leg movement in young but not in old adults. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md., 134(5), 1124-1134. (Read full article)
  25. Ratchford SM, Broxterman RM, La Salle DT, Kwon OS, Hopkins PN, Richardson RS, Trinity J (2024). Obesity does not alter vascular function and handgrip exercise hemodynamics in middle-aged patients with hypertension. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 326(1), R1-R9. (Read full article)
  26. Thaweethai T, Jolley SE, Karlson EW, Levitan EB, Levy B, McComsey GA, McCorkell L, Nadkarni GN, Parthasarathy S, Singh U, Walker TA, Selvaggi CA, Shinnick DJ, Schulte CCM, Atchley-Challenner R, Alba GA, Alicic R, Altman N, Anglin K, Argueta U, Ashktorab H, Baslet G, Bassett IV, Bateman L, Bedi B, Bhattacharyya S, Bind MA, Blomkalns AL, Bonilla H, Bush PA, Castro M, Chan J, Charney AW, Chen P, Chibnik LB, Chu HY, Clifton RG, Costantine MM, Cribbs SK, Davila Nieves SI, Deeks SG, Duven A, Emery IF, Erdmann N, Erlandson KM, Ernst KC, Farah-Abraham R, Farner CE, Feuerriegel EM, Fleurimont J, Fonseca V, Franko N, Gainer V, Gander JC, Gardner EM, Geng LN, Gibson KS, Go M, Goldman JD, Grebe H, Greenway FL, Habli M, Hafner J, Han JE, Hanson KA, Heath J, Hernandez C, Hess R, Hodder SL, Hoffman MK, Hoover SE, Huang B, Hughes BL, Jagannathan P, John J, Jordan MR, Katz SD, Kaufman ES, Kelly JD, Kelly SW, Kemp MM, Kirwan JP, Klein JD, Knox KS, Krishnan JA, Kumar A, Laiyemo AO, Lambert AA, Lanca M, Lee-Iannotti JK, Logarbo BP, Longo MT, Luciano CA, Lutrick K, Maley JH, Marathe JG, Marconi V, Marshall GD, Martin CF, Matusov Y, Mehari A, Mendez-Figueroa H, Mermelstein R, Metz TD, Morse R, Mosier J, Mouchati C, Mullington J, Murphy SN, Neuman RB, Nikolich JZ, Ofotokun I, Ojemakinde E, Palatnik A, Palomares K, Parimon T, Parry S, Patterson JE, Patterson TF, Patzer RE, Peluso MJ, Pemu P, Pettker CM, Plunkett BA, Pogreba-Brown K, Poppas A, Quigley JG, Reddy U, Reece R, Reeder H, Reeves WB, Reiman EM, Rischard F, Rosand J, Rouse DJ, Ruff A, Saade G, Sandoval GJ, Schlater SM, Shepherd F, Sherif ZA, Simhan H, Singer NG, Skupski DW, Sowles A, Sparks JA, Sukhera FI, Taylor BS, Teunis L, Thomas RJ, Thorp JM, Thuluvath P, Ticotsky A, Tita AT, Tuttle KR, Urdaneta AE, Valdivieso D, VanWagoner TM, Vasey A, Verduzco-Gutierrez M, Wallace ZS, Ward HD, Warren DE, Weiner SJ, Welch S, Whiteheart SW, Wiley Z, Wisnivesky JP, Yee LM, Zisis S, Horwitz LI, Foulkes AS, RECOVER Consortiu (2023). Development of a Definition of Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JAMA, 329(22), 1934-1946. (Read full article)
  27. Jyothidasan A, Sunny S, Devarajan A, Sayed A, Afortude JK, Dalley B, Nanda V, Pogwizd S, Litovsky SH, Trinity JD, Might M, Rajasekaran N (2024). Exercise mitigates reductive stress-induced cardiac remodeling in mice. Redox biology, 75, 103263. (Read full article)
  28. Hanson BE, Lee JF, Garten RS, Barrett-O'Keefe Z, Layec G, Ruple BA, Wray DW, Richardson RS, Trinity J (2025). Acute sympathetic activation blunts the hyperemic and vasodilatory response to passive leg movement in young healthy males. Physiological reports, 13(5), e70180. (Read full article)
  29. Kozlova D, Gimblet C, Wendt L, Akbari S, Taiwo A, Dayal S, Ten Eyck P, Stanhewicz A, Trinity J, Jalal (2025). Vascular dysfunction is associated with major adverse cardiovascular events in prediabetes: A cohort study. PloS one, 20(6), e0324945. (Read full article)
  30. Sini Sunny, Rajesh Kumar Radhakrishnan, Asokan Devarajan, Juan Xavier Masjoan Juncos, Mohit Bansal, Jianhua Zhang, Silvio H. Litovsky, Joel D Trinity, Matthew Might, Steven M. Pogwizd, Maria I. Kontaridis and Namakkal S. Rajasekara (2025). Reductive Stress Induces Unresolved ER Stress and Proteotoxic Cardiomyopathy. Redox biology,
  31. Dimpy P Shah, Tanayott Thaweethai, Elizabeth W Karlson, Hector Bonilla, Benjamin D Horne, Janet M Mullington et al. and RECOVER Consortium (including Joel D. Trinity (2025). Sex Differences in Long COVID. JAMA network open, 8(1),
  32. Linda N Geng, Kristine M Erlandson, Mady Hornig, Rebecca Letts, Caitlin Selvaggi, Hassan Ashktorab, Ornina Atieh, Logan Bartram, Hassan Brim, Shari B Brosnahan, Jeanette Brown et al. and RECOVER Consortium (including Joel D. Trinity (2025). 2024 update of the RECOVER-adult long COVID research index. JAMA, 333(8),
  33. Zoe Swank, Ella Borberg, Yulu Chen, Yasmeen Senussi, Sujata Chalise, Zachary Manickas-Hill, G Yu Xu, Jonathan Z Li, Galit Alter, Timothy J Henrich, J Daniel Kelly, Rebecca Hoh, Sarah A Goldberg, Steven G Deeks, Jeffrey N Martin et al. and RECOVER Consortium (including Joel D. Trinity) (2025). Measurement of circulating viral antigens post-SARS-CoV-2 infection in a multicohort study. Clinical microbiology and infection, 30(12), 1599-1605.
  34. Carlini NA, Ruple BA, Rostamkhani H, Shi H, Maschek JA, Hanson BE, Rajasekaran NS, Richardson RS, Drummond MJ, Broxterman RM, Trinity J (2026). Age and sex shape plasma lipid associations to skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and H(2)O(2) emission. GeroScience, (Read full article)
  35. Thaweethai T, Donohue SE, Martin JN, Hornig M, Mosier JM, Shinnick DJ, Ashktorab H, Atieh O, Blomkalns A, Brim H, Chen Y, Cortez MM, Erdmann NB, Flaherman V, Goepfert P, Goldman JD, Hamburg NM, Han JE, Heath JR, Jacoby V, Jolley SE, Kelly JD, Kelly SW, Kim C, Krishnan JA, Letts R, Levitan EB, Modes ME, McComsey GA, Metz TD, Mullington JM, Ofotokun I, Okumura MJ, Paredes CC, Patterson TF, Peluso MJ, Reece R, Sherif ZA, Simhan HN, Simmons C, Singh U, Taylor BS, Taylor BD, Trinity JD, Troxel AB, Utz PJ, Vasey AJ, Weinberger E, Wiley Z, Wisnivesky J, Yee LM, Horwitz L, Foulkes AS, Levy BD, RECOVER-Adult Consortiu (2025). Long COVID trajectories in the prospectively followed RECOVER-Adult US cohort. Nature communications, 16(1), 9557. (Read full article)
  36. Ruple BA, Park SH, Craig JC, Lewis MT, Trinity JD, Richardson RS, Broxterman R (2025). Chamber oxygen concentration impacts mitochondrial function and hydrogen peroxide appearance in permeabilized human skeletal muscle fibers. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Bioenergetics, 1866(4), 149568. (Read full article)
  37. Fain MJ, Horne BD, Horwitz LI, Thaweethai T, Greene M, Hornig M, Orkaby AR, Rosen C, Ritchie CS, Ashktorab H, Blachman N, Brim H, Emerson S, Erdmann N, Erlandson KM, de Erausquin G, Fong T, Geng LN, Gordon HS, Gully JR, Hadlock J, Han J, Huang W, Jagannathan P, Kelly JD, Klein JD, Krishnan JA, Levitan EB, McComsey GA, McDonald D, Montgomery AP, O'Brien L, Ofotokun I, Patterson TF, Peluso MJ, Pemu P, Perlowski A, Reiman EM, Sanon M, Seshadri S, Shellito J, Sherif ZA, Shikuma C, Singer NG, Singh U, Trinity JD, Wisnivesky J, Witvliet MG, Foulkes A, Nikolich J¿, RECOVER consortiu (2025). Age-Related Changes in the Clinical Picture of Long COVID. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 73(10), 3123-3137. (Read full article)
  38. Sunny S, Radhakrishnan RK, Devarajan A, Masjoan Juncos JX, Bansal M, Ouyang X, Zhang J, Xie M, Litovsky SH, Trinity JD, Might M, Pogwizd SM, Kontaridis MI, Rajasekaran N (2025). Reductive stress induces unresolved ER stress and proteotoxic cardiomyopathy. Redox biology, 86, 103713. (Read full article)
  39. Ruple BA, Carlini NA, Kofoed JS, Rostamkhani H, Hanson BE, Wilcox I, Craig JC, Osburn SC, Drummond MJ, Broxterman RM, Trinity J (2025). Transcriptomic analyses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveal age-specific basal and acute exercise responsiveness differences in humans. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 329(2), E381-E390. (Read full article)
  40. Hanson BE, Lee JF, Garten RS, O'Keefe ZB, Layec G, Ruple BA, Wray DW, Richardson RS, Trinity J (2024). Acute sympathetic activation blunts the hyperemic and vasodilatory response to passive leg movement. Research square, (Read full article)

Review

  1. Trinity JD, Drummond MJ, Fermoyle CC, McKenzie AI, Supiano MA, Richardson R (2022). Cardiovasomobility: An Integrative Understanding of how Disuse Impacts Cardiovascular and Skeletal Muscle Health. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md., 132(3), 835-861. (Read full article)

Letter

  1. Trinity JD, Drummond MJ, Fermoyle C, McKenzie AI, Supiano MA, Richardson R (2022). Reply to Horn et al. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md., 133(2), 322. (Read full article)