A woman with curly gray hair wearing glasses and a black blouse with embroidered details, sitting in front of plants.

Cheryl Ann Palmer, MD

Languages spoken: English

Academic Information

Departments Primary - Pathology

Board Certification

  • American Board of Psychiatry & Neurology (Neurology)
  • American Board of Pathology (Sub: Neuropathology)

Dr. Palmer is the Director of Neuropathology at ARUP as well as a Professor of Pathology and the Associate Program Director of the Pathology Residency Program at the University Of Utah School Of Medicine. Dr. Palmer received her MD at West Virginia University and served as a resident in neurology and postdoctoral fellow in neuropathology at the University of Utah, where she also completed internships in internal medicine and pathology. She is a fellow of the American Academy of Neurology, is the former Vice President of American Association of Neuropathologists, and sits on the editorial board of Case Reports in Pathology.

Dr. Palmer's current research interests include neuropathological parameters of epilepsy, relationships between histologic and molecular genetic findings in brain tumors, and pediatric neuropathology, with special emphasis on epileptogenic disorders and brain tumors.

Education History

Undergraduate University of Pittsburgh
 BS
Professional Medical West Virginia University
 MD
Internship University of Utah
 Intern
Residency University of Utah
 Resident
Internship University of Utah
 Intern
Fellowship University of Utah
 Fellow

Selected Publications

Journal Article

  1. Ponnapalli SP, Bradley MW, Deviine K, Bowen J, Coppens SE, Leraas KM, Milash BA, Qiu S, Wu K, Yang H, Wittwer CT, Palmer CA, Jensen RL, Gastier-Foster JM, Hanson HA, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Alter (2020). Retrospective clinical trial experimentally validates glioblastoma genome-wide pattern of DNA copy-number alterations predictor of survival. APL bioengineering, 4(2),
  2. Mahan MA, Abou-Al-Shaar H, Karsy M, Warner W, Yeoh S, Palmer C (2019). "Pathologic remodeling in human neuromas : insight from clinical specimens.". Acta neurochirurgica, 161(12), 2453-2466.
  3. Peckham ME, Osborn AG, Palmer CA, Tsai A, Salzman K (2019). "Gliosarcoma : Neuroimaging and histochemical findings". Journal of neuroimaging, 29, 126-132.
  4. Hummel S, Kohlmann W, Kollmeyer TM, Jenkins R, Sonnen J, Palmer CA, Colman H, Abbott D, Cannon-Albright L, Cohen A (2019). The contribution of the rs55705857 G allele to familial cancer risk as estimated in the Utah Population Database. BMC cancer, 19, 190.
  5. Kriesel JD, Bhetariya P, Wang Z-M, Renner D, Palmer CA, Fishcher K (2019). "Spectrum of microbial sequences and a bacterial wall antigen in primary demyelination brain specimens obtained from living patients". Scientific reports, 9(1), 1387.
  6. Lehman NL, Usubalieva A, Mobley BC, McLendon RE, Schneiderjan MJ, Paulus W, Georgescu MM, Couce M, Dulai MS, Raisanen JM, Palmer CA, Allen SJ, Tran QT, Lin T, Hattab EM, Orr B (2019). Genomic analysis demonstrates that histologically-defined astroblastomas are molecularly heterogeneous and that tumors with MN1 alteration exhibit the most favorable prognosis. Acta neuropathologica communications, 7(1), 42.
  7. Karsy M, Palmer CA, Mahan M (2018). "Pathologic remodeling of endoneurial tubules in human neuromas". Cureus, 10(1), e2087.
  8. Bagshaw HP, Jensen RL, Palmer CA, Suneja G, Couldwell WT, Shrieve D (2017). "Adjuvant radiotherapy for atypical meningiomas.". Journal of neurosurgery, 126, 1822-1828.
  9. Ceccarelli M, Barthel FP, Malta TM, et al for The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Networ (2016). "Molecular profiling reveals biologically discrete subsets and pathways of progression in diffuse glioma.". Cell, 164(3), 550-563.
  10. Hanley T, Sowder AM, Palmer CA, Weiss R (2016). "Teaching laboratory management principles and practices through mentorship : the assistant medical directorship.". Academic pathology, 3, 1-10.
  11. The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Networ (2015). "Comprehensive, integrative genomic analysis of diffuse lower-grade gliomas". The New England journal of medicine, 372(26), 2481-2498.
  12. Friedman B, Simpson K, Tesi-Rocha C, Zhou D, Palmer CA, Suchy S (2014). Novel large deletion in the ACTA1 gene in a child with autosomal recessive nemaline myopathy. Neuromuscular disorders, 24, 331-334.
  13. Adesina OO, Stagg BC, Digre KB, Katz BJ, Quigley EP, Palmer CA, Warner J (2014). Optic neuropathy caused by Propionibacterium acnes pachymeningitis. Journal of neuro-ophthalmology, 34(3), 264-7.
  14. Nguyen TT, Oh SS, Weaver D, Lewandowska A, Maxfield D, Schuler M-H, Smith NK, Macfarland J, Saunders G, Palmer CA, Debattsti V, Koshiba T, Pulst S, Feldman EL, Hajnoczky G, Shaw J (2014). Loss of Miro-1-directed retrograde mitochondrial movement results in a novel murine model for neuron disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(35), 3631-3640.
  15. Markert JM, Razdan SN, Kuo H-C, Cantor A, Knoll A, Karrusch M, Nabors LB, Markiewicz M, Agee BS, Coleman JM, Lakeman AD, Palmer CA, Parker JN, Whitley RJ, Weichsebaum RR, Fiveash JB, Gillespie G (2014). A Phase I trial of oncolytic HSV-1, G207, given in combination with radiation for treatment for recurrent GBM demonstrates safety and radiographic responses. Molecular therapy, 22, 1048-1055.
  16. Krisht KM, Palmer CA, Couldwell W (2013). Combined chronic lymphocytic leukemia and prolactinoma: A rare event in a patient presenting with pituitary apoplexy. Published online. DOI: 10.3171/2013.4.JNS122041. PMID: 23683075. Journal of neurosurgery, 119(4), 924-928.
  17. Christensen RD, Yaish HM, Wiedmeier SE, Reading NS, Pysher TJ, Palmer CA, Prchal J (2013). Neonatal death suspected to be from sepsis was found to be kernicterus with G6PD deficiency. Pediatrics, 132, 1694-1698.
  18. Hackney JR, Palmer CA, Riley KO, Markert JM, Curé JK, Fathallah-Shaykh H, Nabors L (2013). Primary central nervous system angiosarcoma : a case series. DOI:10.1186/1752-1947-6-251, published online athttp://www.jmedicalcasereports.com/content/6/1/251; August, 2012. Journal of medical case reports, 6(251),
  19. Krisht KM, Palmer CA, Osborn AG, Couldwell W (2013). Giant ecchordosis physliphora in an adolescent girl. Published before print online on August 2, 2013; DOI: 10.3171/2013.5.PEDS1395. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics, 12(4), 328-333.
  20. Cohen AL, Salzman K, Palmer CA, Jensen R, Colman H (2013). Bevacizumab is effective for recurrent papillary tumor of the pineal region : first report. DOI:10.1159/000354753, published online August 24, 2013. Case reports in oncology, 6, 434-440.
  21. Cohen AL, Salzman K, Palmer CA, Jensen R, Colman (2013). Bevacizumab is effective for recurrent papillary tumor of the pineal region. DOI: 10.1159-000354753. Case reports in oncology, 6, 434-440.
  22. Markert JM, Cody JJ, Parker JN, Coleman JM, Price KH, Kern ER, Quenelle DC, Lakeman AD, Schoeb T, Palmer CA, Cartner SC, Gillespie GY, Whitely R (2012). Preclinical evaluation of a genetically engineered Herpes simplex virus expressing IL-12. PMID: 22379082. Journal of virology, 86(9), 5304-5313.
  23. Hackney JR, Palmer CA, Riley KO, Cure JK, Fathallah-Shaykh HM, Nabors L (2012). Primary central nervous system angiosarcoma: two case reports. Journal of medical case reports, 6, 251.
  24. Hackney JR, Palmer CA*, Riley KO, Cure JK, Fathallah-Shaykh H, Nabors L (2012). Primary central nervous system angiosarcoma: A case series. Published online at http://www.jmedicalcasereports.com/content/6/1/251 (*Corresponding Author). DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-6-251, PMID: 22909122. Journal of medical case reports, 6, 251.
  25. Hackney JR, Harrison DK, Rozzelle C, Kankirawatana S, Kankirawatana P, Palmer C (2012). Chronic granulomatous herpes encephalitis in a child with clinically intractable epilepsy. Article ID 849812; doi: 10.1155/2012/849812, published online at http://www.hindawi.com/crim/pediatrics/2012/849812/. PMID: 22919528. Case reports in pediatrics, 2012,
  26. Kapoor N, Lee W, Clark E, Bartoszewski R, McNicholas CM, Latham CB, Bebok Z, Parpura V, Fuller CM, Palmer CA, Benos D (2011). Interaction of ASIC1 and ENaC subunits in human glioma cells and rat astrocytes. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology, 300(6), C1246-59.
  27. Wang D, Olman MA, Stewart J Jr, Tipps R, Huang P, Sanders PW, Toline E, Prayson RA, Lee J, Weil RJ, Palmer CA, Gillespie GY, Liu WM, Pieper RO, Guan JL, Gladson C (2011). Downregulation of FIP200 induces apoptosis of glioblastoma cells and microvascular endothelial cells by enhancing Pyk2 activity. PloS one, 6(5), e19629.
  28. Amara AW, Bashir K, Palmer CA, Walker (2011). Challenges in the diagnosis of isolated central nervous system vasculitis. Online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/brb2.12/abstract. Brain and behavior, 1(1), 57-61.
  29. Hackney JR, Riley KO, Vaphiades M, Bag A, Palmer C (2011). Pituitary adenoma complicated by multifocal fibrosclerosis involving sella and retroperitoneum. Published online at http://www.sapub.org/global/showpaperpdf.aspx?paperid=200110. 1(1), 17-20.
  30. Perry A, Burton SS, Fuller GN, Robinson CA, Palmer CA, Resch L, Bigio EH, Gujrati M, Rosenblum M (2010). Oligodendroglial neoplasms with ganglioglioma-like maturation: a diagnostic pitfall. Acta neuropathologica, 120(2), 237-52.
  31. Grunda JM, Fiveash J, Palmer CA, Cantor A, Fathallah-Shaykh HM, Nabors LB, Johnson M (2010). Rationally designed pharmacogenomic treatment using concurrent capecitabine and radiotherapy for glioblastoma; gene expression profiles associated with outcome. Clinical cancer research, 16(10), 2890-8.
  32. Markert JM, Liechty PG, Wang W, Gaston S, Braz E, Karrasch M, Nabors LB, Markiewicz M, Lakeman AD, Palmer CA, Parker JN, Whitley RJ, Gillespie G (2009). Phase Ib trial of mutant herpes simplex virus G207 inoculated pre-and post-tumor resection for recurrent GBM. Molecular therapy, 17(1), 199-207.
  33. Nabors LB, Palmer CA, Julian BA, Przekwas AM, Kew C (2009). Isolated central nervous system posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder treated with high-dose intravenous methotrexate. American journal of transplantation, 9(5), 1243-8.
  34. Rodriguez FJ, Scheithauer BW, Perry A, Oliveira AM, Jenkins RB, Oviedo A, Mork SJ, Palmer CA, Burger P (2008). Ependymal tumors with sarcomatous change ("ependymosarcoma"): a clinicopathologic and molecular cytogenetic study. The American journal of surgical pathology, 32(5), 699-709.
  35. Brantley EC, Nabors LB, Gillespie GY, Choi Y-H, Palmer CA, Harrison K, Roarty K, Benveniste E (2008). Loss of protein inhibitors of activated STAT-3 expression in glioblastoma multiforme tumors : Implications for STAT-3 activation and gene expression. Clinical cancer research, 14(15), 4694-4702.
  36. Chiocca EA, Smith KM, McKinney B, Palmer CA, Rosenfeld S, Lillehei K, Hamilton A, DeMasters BK, Judy K, Kirn (2008). A phase I trial of Ad.hIFN-beta gene therapy for glioma. Molecular therapy, 16(3), 618-26.
  37. Forsyth P, Roldán G, George D, Wallace C, Palmer CA, Morris D, Cairncross G, Matthews MV, Markert J, Gillespie Y, Coffey M, Thompson B, Hamilton (2008). A phase I trial of intratumoral administration of reovirus in patients with histologically confirmed recurrent malignant gliomas. Molecular therapy, 16(3), 627-32.
  38. Pearson BE, Markert JM, Fisher WS, Guthrie BL, Fiveash JB, Palmer CA, Riley (2008). Hitting a moving target: evolution of a treatment paradigm for atypical meningiomas amid changing diagnostic criteria. Neurosurgical focus, 24(5), E3.
  39. McConley R, Martin R, Palmer CA, Kuzniecky R, Knowlton R, Faught (2008). Rey Osterrieth complex figure test spatial and figural scoring: relations to seizure focus and hippocampal pathology in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy & behavior, 13(1), 174-7.
  40. Tubbs RS, Louis RG Jr, Wartmann CT, Lott R, Chua GD, Kelly D, Palmer CA, Shoja MM, Loukas M, Oakes W (2008). Histopathological basis for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Laboratory investigation. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine, 8(4), 347-51.
  41. He M, Rutledge SL, Kelly DR, Palmer CA, Murdoch G, Majumder N, Nicholls RD, Pei Z, Watkins PA, Vockley (2007). A new genetic disorder in mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation: ACAD9 deficiency. American journal of human genetics, 81(1), 87-103.
  42. Grunda JM, Nabors LB, Palmer CA, Chhieng DC, Steg A, Mikkelsen T, Diasio RB, Zhang K, Allison D, Grizzle WE, Wang W, Gillespie GY, Johnson M (2006). Increased expression of thymidylate synthetase (TS), ubiquitin specific protease 10 (USP10) and survivin is associated with poor survival in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Journal of neuro-oncology, 80(3), 261-74.
  43. Merrell R, Nabors LB, Perry A, Palmer C (2006). Metastatic oligodendroglioma : A report of two cases. [PMID : 16710746]. Journal of neuro-oncology, 80, 203-207.
  44. Fallon KB, Palmer CA, Roth KA, Nabors LB, Wang W, Carpenter M, Banerjee R, Forsyth P, Rich K, Perry (2004). Prognostic value of 1p, 19q, 9p, 10q, and EGFR-FISH analyses in recurrent oligodendrogliomas. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 63(4), 314-22.
  45. Yang WQ, Lun X, Palmer CA, Wilcox ME, Muzik H, Shi ZQ, Dyck R, Coffey M, Thompson B, Hamilton M, Nishikawa SG, Brasher PM, Fonseca K, George D, Rewcastle NB, Johnston RN, Stewart D, Lee PW, Senger DL, Forsyth P (2004). Efficacy and safety evaluation of human reovirus type 3 in immunocompetent animals: racine and nonhuman primates. Clinical cancer research, 10(24), 8561-76.
  46. Baños JH, Roth DL, Palmer CA, Morawetz RB, Knowlton R, Faught E, Kuzniecky R, Bilir E, Martin R (2004). Confirmatory factor analysis of the California verbal learning test in patients with epilepsy : Relationship to clinical and neuropathological markers of temporal lobe epilepsy. [PMID : 14744188]. Neuropsychology, 18(1), 60-68.
  47. Burneo JG, Arnold T, Palmer CA, Kuzniecky RI, Oh SJ, Faught (2003). Adult-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (Kufs disease) with autosomal dominant inheritance in Alabama. Epilepsia, 44(6), 841-6.
  48. Martin RC, Kretzmer T, Palmer CA, Sawrie S, Knowlton R, Faught E, Morawetz R, Kuzniecky (2002). Risk to verbal memory following anterior temporal lobectomy in patients with severe left-sided hippocampal sclerosis. [PMID: 12470177]. Archives of neurology, 59, 1895-1901.
  49. Palmer C (2002). Neurologic manifestations of renal disease. Neurologic clinics, 20(1), 23-34, v.
  50. Fallon KB, Oh SJ, Palmer C (2002). Intravascular malignant lymphomatosis diagnosed in both skeletal muscle and nerve biopsies. Journal of clinical neuromuscular disease, 4(2), 78-81.
  51. Kuzniecky RI, Palmer CA, Hugg J, Martin R, Sawrie S, Morawetz RB, Faught E, Knowlton (2001). Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in temporal lobe epilepsy : Neuronal dysfunction or cell loss? [PMID : 11735779]. Archives of neurology, 58, 2048-2053.
  52. Tubbs RS, Patwardhan R, Palmer CA, Kelly DR, Elton S, Blount JP, Bebin M, Grabb P (2001). Histological appearance of a chronically stimulated vagus nerve in a pediatric patient. Pediatric neurosurgery, 35(2), 99-102.
  53. Cai CY, Palmer CA, Paramore C (2001). Exuberant transverse ligament degeneration causing high cervical myelopathy. Journal of spinal disorders, 14(1), 84-8.
  54. Martin RC, Sawrie SM, Gilliam FG, Palmer CA, Faught E, Morawetz RB, Kuzniecky R (2000). Wisconsin Card Sorting performance in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: clinical and neuroanatomical correlates. Epilepsia, 41(12), 1626-32.
  55. Markert JM, Medlock MD, Rabkin SD, Gillespie GY, Todo T, Hunter WD, Palmer CA, Feigenbaum F, Tornatore C, Tufaro F, Martuza R (2000). Conditionally replicating herpes simplex virus mutant, G207 for the treatment of malignant glioma: results of a phase I trial. Gene therapy, 7(10), 867-74.
  56. Palmer CA, Geyer JD, Keating JM, Gilliam F, Kuzniecky RI, Morawetz RB, Bebin E (1999). Rasmussen's encephalitis with concomitant cortical dysplasia: the role of GluR3. Epilepsia, 40(2), 242-7.
  57. Kuzniecky RI, Ho SS, Martin R, Faught RE, Morawetz RB, Palmer CA, Gilliam (1999). Temporal lobe developmental malformations and hippocampal sclerosis. [PMID : 10025775]. Neurology, 52,
  58. Riley K, Palmer CA, Oser AB, Paramore C (1999). Spinal cord hamartoma: case report. Neurosurgery, 44(5), 1125-7; discussion 1127-8.
  59. Paramore CG, Lauryssen C, Rauzzino MJ, Wadlington VR, Palmer CA, Brix A, Cartner SC, Hadley M (1999). The safety of OP-1 for lumbar fusion with decompression-- a canine study. Neurosurgery, 44(5), 1151-5; discussion 1155-6.
  60. Jennelle RL, Gladson CL, Palmer CA, Guthrie BL, Markert J (1999). Paradoxical labeling of radiosurgically treated quiescent tumors with Ki-67, a marker of cellular proliferation. [PMID : 10681690]. Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery, 72(Suppl1), 45-52.
  61. Fulmer BB, Dillard SC, Musulman EM, Palmer CA, Oakes (1998). Two cases of cerebral aneurysms in HIV+ children. Pediatric neurosurgery, 28(1), 31-4.
  62. Welsh CT, Palmer CA, Townsend JJ, Jacobs J (1998). Radiologic-pathologic correlation of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (Foix-Alajouanine syndrome). 4, 51-55.
  63. Kuzniecky R, Gilliam F, Morawetz R, Faught E, Palmer C, Black (1997). Occipital lobe developmental malformations and epilepsy : clinical spectrum, treatment and outcome. [PMID : 9048669]. Epilepsia, 38(2), 175-181.
  64. Gilliam F, Bowling S, Bilir E, Thomas J, Faught E, Morawetz R, Palmer CA, Hugg J, Kuzniecky R (1997). Association of combined MRI, interictal EEG, and ictal EEG results with outcome and pathology after temporal lobectomy. [PMID : 9578527]. Epilepsia, 28(12), 1315-1320.
  65. Maddox LO, Descartes M, Collins J, Keating J, Rosenfeld SS, Palmer CA, Carroll AJ, Kuzniecky R (1997). Identification of a recombination event narrowing the Lafora's Disease gene region. [PMID : 9222970]. Journal of medical genetics, 24, 590-591.
  66. Kuzniecky R, Hetherington H, Pan J, Hugg J, Palmer C, Gilliam F, Faught E, Morawetz (1997). Proton spectroscopic imaging at 4.1 Tesla in patients with malformations of cortical development and epilepsy. [PMID : 9109893]. Neurology, 48, 1018-1024.
  67. Kuzniecky RI, Bilir E, Gilliam F, Faught E, Palmer CA, Morawetz RB, Jackson (1997). Multimodality MRI in mesial temporal sclerosis : Relative sensitivity and specificity. [PMID : 9305339]. Neurology, 49, 774-778.
  68. Goldman CK, Bharara S, Palmer CA, Vitek J, Tsai JC, Gillespie G (1997). Intracranial edema in meningiomas is associated with increased VEGF expression. [PMID : 9179901]. Neurosurgery, 40, 1269-1277.
  69. Grabb PA, Kelly DR, Fulmer BB, Palmer C (1996). Radiation-induced glioma of the spinal cord. [PMID : 9293548]. Pediatric neurosurgery, 25, 214-219.
  70. Kuzniecky RI, Burgard S, Bilir E, Morawetz RB, Gilliam F, Faught E, Black L, Palmer C (1996). Qualitative MRI segmentation in mesial temporal sclerosis : Clinical correlations. [PMID : 8617171]. Epilepsia, 37(5), 433-439.
  71. Chatterjee A, Yapundich R, Palmer CA, Marson DC, Mitchell G (1996). Leukoencephalopathy associated with cobalamin deficiency. Neurology, 46(3), 832-4.
  72. Palmer CA, Townsend JJ, Harnsberger HR, Parkin JL, Apfelbaum R (1996). Cerebellopontine angle glioneuronal hamartoma. Surgical neurology, 45(5), 467-9.
  73. Hetherington H, Kuzniecky R, Pan J, Mason G, Morawetz R, Harris C, Faught E, Vaughan T, Pohost (1995). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of human temporal lobe epilepsy at 4.1 T. Annals of neurology, 38(3), 396-404.
  74. Crawford SC, Digre KB, Palmer CA, Bell DA, Osborn A (1995). Thrombosis of the deep venous drainage of the brain in adults. Analysis of seven cases with review of the literature. Archives of neurology, 52(11), 1101-8.
  75. Oh SJ, Claussen GC, Odabasi Z, Palmer C (1995). Multifocal demyelinating motor neuropathy : Pathologic evidence of ¿inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuro-pathy. [PMID : 7477976]. Neurology, 45, 1828-1832.
  76. Reich DS, Palmer CA, Peters G (1995). Ethmoid sinus leiomyosarcoma after irradiation and cyclophosphamide. [PMID : 7567030]. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery, 113(4), 495-498.
  77. Gao PY, Osborn AG, Smirniotopoulos JG, Palmer CA, Boyer R (1995). Neurenteric cysts : Pathology, imaging spectrum, and differential diagnosis. 1, 17-27.
  78. Harris CP, Sigman JD, Jaeckle K (1994). Intravascular malignant lymphomatosis: amelioration of neurological symptoms with plasmapheresis. Annals of neurology, 35(3), 357-9.
  79. Harris CP, Townsend JJ, Klatt E (1994). Accessory brains (extracerebral heterotopias): unusual prenatal intracranial mass lesions. Journal of child neurology, 9(4), 386-9.
  80. Gouw LG, Digre KB, Harris CP, Haines JH, Ptacek L (1994). Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia with retinal degeneration: clinical, neuropathologic, and genetic analysis of a large kindred. Neurology, 44(8), 1441-7.
  81. Ptacek LJ, Tawil R, Griggs RC, Meola G, McManis P, Barohn RJ, Mendell JR, Harris C, Spitzer R, Santiago F, et al (1994). Sodium channel mutations in acetazolamide-responsive myotonia congenita, paramyotonia congenita, and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Neurology, 44(8), 1500-3.
  82. Harris CP, Townsend JJ, Carey J (1993). Acalvaria: a unique congenital anomaly. American journal of medical genetics, 46(6), 694-9.
  83. Harris CP, Townsend JJ, Baringer J (1993). Symptomatic hyponatraemia: can myelinolysis be prevented by treatment?. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 56(6), 626-32.
  84. Harris CP, Alderson K, Nebeker J, Holds JB, Anderson R (1991). Histologic features of human orbicularis oculi treated with botulinum A toxin. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill., 109(3), 393-5.
  85. Harris CP, Dias MS, Brockmeyer DL, Townsend JJ, Willis BK, Apfelbaum R (1991). Neurenteric cysts of the posterior fossa: recognition, management, and embryogenesis. Neurosurgery, 29(6), 893-7; discussion 897-8.
  86. Harris CP, Baringer J (1991). The numb chin in metastatic cancer. The Western journal of medicine, 155(5), 528-31.
  87. Harris CP, Townsend J (1989). Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome. The Western journal of medicine, 151(1), 52-5.
  88. Marchand WR, Palmer CA, Gutmann L, Brogan WC, Pearson RJ (1986). Medical student's perceptions of having symptoms of impairment and of the need to seek counseling. Journal of medical education, 61, 774.
  89. Marchand WR, Palmer CA, Gutmann L, Brogan WC 3r (1985). Medical student impairment: a review of the literature. The West Virginia medical journal, 81(11), 244-8.

Review

  1. Gamboa NT, Ronna B, Gamboa CT, Palmer CA, Park MS, Gurgel RK, Wouldwell WT, Kalani MY (2018). "Giant cell tumor of the lateral skull base : diagnostic and management options". Journal of neurological surgery reports, 79, e41-e54.
  2. Thomson N, Pacak K, Palmer CA, Salzman K, Champine M, Schiffman J, Schmidt M, Cohen A (2017). "Leptomeningeal dissemination of a low-grade paraganglioma : case report and review of the literature.". Journal of neurosurgery. Spine, 26(4), 501-506.
  3. Krisht KM, Palmer CA, Couldwell W (2016). "Multiple Osteomas of the falx cerebri and anterior skull base : case report and review of the literature". Journal of neurosurgery, 124(5), 1339-1342.
  4. Raheja A, Eli I, Bowers C, Palmer CA, Couldwell W (2016). "Primary intracranial epidermoid carcinoma with diffuse leptomeningeal carcinomatosis : Report of two cases.". World neurosurgery, 88, 692 e9-e16.
  5. Krisht KM, Eli IM, Palmer CA, Schmidt R (2015). "Giant spontaneous epidural pneumocephalus : case report and review of the literature". World neurosurgery, 84(6), 2075 e7-e12.
  6. Harris CP, Townsend JJ, Norman MG, White VA, Viskochil DH, Pysher TJ, Klatt E (1994). Atelencephalic aprosencephaly. Journal of child neurology, 9(4), 412-6.
  7. Gao PY, Osborn AG, Smirniotopoulos JG, Harris C (1992). Radiologic-pathologic correlation. Epidermoid tumor of the cerebellopontine angle. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, 13(3), 863-72.
  8. Harris CP, Townsend JJ, Brockmeyer DL, Heilbrun M (1991). Cerebral granular cell tumor occurring with glioblastoma multiforme: case report. Surgical neurology, 36(3), 202-6.

Book

  1. Keltner NL, Folks DG, Palmer CA, Powers R (1997). Psychobiological Foundations of Psychiatric Care.

Book Chapter

  1. Nabors LB, Li R, Palmer CA, Chapman P (2017). "Primary melanotic tumors of the central nervous system.".
  2. Nabors LB, Li R, Palmer CA, Chapman P (2012). Primary melanotic tumors of the central nervous system. Chapter 52,
  3. Louro APS, Chhieng DC, Kelly DR, Palmer C (2006). Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors. American Society of Clinical Pathologists Check Sample. 30, 1.
  4. Palmer C (2005). Demystifying the Diagnosis of Gliomas. [PMID : 16433129]. 563,
  5. Louro APS, Palmer CA, Chhieng D (2004). Intraoperative cytology and differential diagnosis of central nervous system astrocytomas. 32(12,

Book Review

  1. Palmer C (2002). "Neuropathology Review." Book Review. 4, 49-50.

Case Report

  1. Kator S, Zurko J, Webb BJ, Balatico MA, Clayton F, Palmer CA, Konopa K, Motyckova G, Ford CD, Ostranoff (2020). Disseminated toxoplasmosis and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis following chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. British journal of haematology, 189(1), e4-e6.
  2. Chen R, Singh G, McNally JS, Palmer CA, de Havenon (2020). "Intravascular lymphoma with progressive CNS hemorrhage and multiple dissections.". Case reports in neurological medicine, 2020(Jan), Article 6134830.
  3. Ravindra VM, Gozal YM, Palmer CA, Couldwell W (2019). "Hemorrhagic atypical planum sphenoidale meningioma withintermittent visual loss - a rare presentation of apoplexy". World neurosurgery, 121, 71-76.
  4. Boettcher LB, Abou-Al-Shaar H, Ravindra VM, Horn J, Palmer CA, Menacho S (2018). "Intracranial epidural metastases of adrenal pheochromocytomas : a rare entity". World neurosurgery, 114, 235-240.
  5. Roman J, Palmer MI, Palmer CA, Johnson NE, Butterfield R (2018). "Myopathy in the York platelet syndrome : an underrecognized complication". Case reports in pathology,
  6. Adesina OO, Zaugg BE, Dries DC, Palmer CA, Patel (2017). "Undifferentiated non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma of the orbit.". Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery, 33(3), e55-e57.
  7. Raheja A, Sowder A, Palmer CA, Rodriguez FJ, Couldwell W (2017). "EBV-associated smooth muscle tumor of cavernous sinus masquerading as Tolosa Hunt syndrome : A rare delayed complication of allogenic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.". Journal of neurosurgery, 126(5), 1479-1483.
  8. Raheja A, Colman H, Palmer CA, Couldwell W (2017). "Dramatic radiographic response and paradoxical cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea associated with Sunitinib therapy in recurrent atypical meningioma.". Journal of neurosurgery, 127(5), 965-970.
  9. Valenzuela RM, Byrd J, Patck BCK, Kramer GD, Palmer CA, Osborn AG, Digre kB, Warner JE (2016). "An 82-year-old man with diplopia.". Journal of neuro-ophthalmology, 36(4), 448-452.
  10. Juster-Switlyk K, Smith AG, Kovacsovics T, Stephens D, Glenn M, Palmer C, Quigley EP, Kolb (2016). "MTHFR C677T polymorphism is associated with methotrexate induced myelopathy risk.". Neurology, 88, 603-604.
  11. Quist TS, Palmer CA, MacDonald JD, Gurgel R (2016). "Plasmacytoma of the petrous apex associated with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss.". Otology & neurotology, 37(7), e250-e251.
  12. Abou Al-Shaar H, Raheja A, Palmer CA, Schmidt MH, Couldwell W (2016). "Hypothalamic-optochiasmatic pilocytic astrocytoma associated with occipital and sacral spinal cavernomas : A mere coincidence or a true association?". World neurosurgery, 90, e7007.
  13. Eli IM, Rahaja A, Corn H, Simmons D, Palmer CA, Couldwell W (2016). "Sellar Wegener's granulomatosis masquerading as cabergoline-resistant prolactinoma.". World neurosurgery, 95(622), e1-e5.
  14. Kinard K, Osborn AJ, Palmer CA, Warner JEA, Katz BJ, Crum A, DeWitt D, Sonnen JA, Digre K (2015). "Ataxia at the Masquerade Ball". Journal of neuro-ophthalmology, 10(1), 152-155.
  15. Lloyd IE, Clement PW, Salzman KL, Jensen RL, Salama ME, Palmer C (2015). "An unusual and challenging case of HIV-associated primary CNS lymphoma with Hodgkin-like morphology and HIV encephalitis.". Diagnostic pathology, 10, 152.
  16. Arora K, Dawkins RL, Bauer DF, Palmer CA, Hackney JR, Markert J (2015). "Intracranial blastomycotic abscess mimicking malignant brain neoplasm : Successful treatment with voriconazole and surgery.". Surgical neurology international, 6, 174.
  17. Sowder AM, Palmer CA, Florell S (2015). "Diffuse cutaneous metastasis of sacral chordoma.". 15(12), 1-18.
  18. Gorman EF, Bag AK, Palmer C (2012). Metastatic hemangioblastoma: A radiologic-pathologic correlation. Online at: http://path.upmc.edu/divisions/neuropath/bpath/cases/case222.html. PMID: 22150927. Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland), 22, 117-120.
  19. Zywicke H, Palmer CA, Vaphiades MS, Riley K (2012). Optic nerve hemangioblastoma: a case report. Case reports in pathology, 2012, 915408.
  20. Province P, Hackney JR, Palmer CA, Guthrie BL, Fathallah-Shaykh H (2011). Pontine ring-enhancing glioblastoma multiforme-like fungal abscess. Archives of neurology, 68(11), 1476-7.
  21. Gupta SR, Palmer CA, Cure JK, Balos LL, Lincoff NS, Kline L (2011). Toluene optic neurotoxicity: magnetic resonance imaging and pathologic features. Human pathology, 42(2), 295-8.
  22. Li R, Reddy V, Palmer C (2011). Extramedullary hematopoiesis : an unusual finding in subdural hematomas. Online at http://www.hindawi.com/crim/pathology/2011/718585. Case reports in pathology,
  23. Vale FL, Fisher WS 3rd, Jordan WD Jr, Palmer CA, Vitek (1997). Carotid endarterectomy performed after progressive carotid stenosis following angioplasty and stent placement. Case report. Journal of neurosurgery, 87(6), 940-3.
  24. Keltner N, Harris C (1994). Serotonin syndrome: a case of fatal SSRI/MAOI interaction. Perspectives in psychiatric care, 30(4), 26-31.
  25. Harris CP, Townsend JJ, Adair J (1994). Depression followed by dementia and disordered movement. Clinicopathologic correlation. The Western journal of medicine, 160(3), 243-7.
  26. Harris CP, Townsend JJ, Thompson J (1991). An 11-year-old girl with psychomotor regression. Pediatric neurosurgery, 17(2), 98-103.

Abstract

  1. Klonoski J, Snook J, Palmer C, VanBrocklin M, Williams (2020). Neurotropic influenza A virus as a potential oncolytic virotherapy for glioblastoma and melanoma. 79(6),
  2. Klonoski J, Jones M, Palmer (2020). Trachipleistophora hominis myositis. 79(6),
  3. Klonoski JM, Palmer CA, Clardy SL, Paz Soldan MM, Lancaster (2019). Histopathologic presentation of two cases of GABAa-R autoimmune encephalitis. 78(6), 575.
  4. Kapitonov D, Davidson CJ, Alashari M, Comstock J, Palmer C (2019). Review of neuropathologic findings, mechanisms of neuronal migration and myelination in pediatric DeGeorge syndrome patients. 78(6), 540-541.
  5. Klonoski JM, McMurtry V, Clayton FC, Palmer C (2018). "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis, Grade 3". Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 77(6), 521.
  6. Lehman N, Hattab E, Usubalieva A, Maclean K, McElroy J, Hite A, Fadda P, Mobley B, McLendon R, Schneiderjan M, Cooke R, Liu T, Timmers C, Paulus W, Georgescu MM, Couce M, Dulai M, Raisanen J, Palmer CA, Allen S, Lin T, Orr (2018). "Astroblastoma is a molecularly heterogenous tumor comprised of at least three major genetic subgroups". Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 77(6), 487.
  7. Klonoski JM, Peckham M, Salzman K, Osborn AG, Palmer C (2018). "Gliosarcoma in the IDH era : imaging characteristics of 25 patients with correlative immunotaining".
  8. Klonoski JM, Driscoll MJ, Sonnen JA, Palmer C (2017). "Differential diagnostic considerations for giant cell myositis.". Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 76(6), 496.
  9. Driscoll MJ, Corean J, Salzman K, Palmer C (2017). "Metastatic glioblastoma to the parotid gland,". Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 76(6), 513-514.
  10. Karsy M, Palmer CA, Mahan (2017). "Pathologic organization of laminin in regeneration after human peripheral nerve injury.". Journal of neurosurgery, 126(4), A1375.
  11. Palmer CA, Johnson NE, Roman J, Butterfield R (2016). "Congenital myopathy a prominent feature in the York platelet syndrome.". Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 75(6), 580.
  12. Bagshaw H, Jensen RL, Palmer CA, Shrieve (2016). "Stereotactic radiation therapy and the management of atypical meningiomas : Outcomes in the upfront and recurrent setting.".
  13. Cohen A, Gligorich K, Parnell T, Elvin J, Ramkissoon S, Maxwell A, Palmer C, Schiffman J, Colman (2015). "Next generation sequencing of gliomas refines diagnosis and identifies targetable alterations in clinical practice, but results depend on the assay.". Neuro-oncology, 17(suppl 5), 138-139.
  14. Driscoll M, Palmer CA, Butterfield R (2013). A novel mutation in MTM1 resulting in severe X-linked centronuclear (myotubular) myopathy. 13, 461.
  15. Hackney J, Palmer CA, Markert J, Nabors (2012). Intraventricular cavernous angioma with superficial siderosis. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 71(6), 561-562.
  16. Li R, Palmer CA, Brenner (2012). Splice site mutation in Alexander disease. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 71(6), 576-577.
  17. Palmer CA, Hackney JR, Province P, Guthrie BL, Fathallah-Saykh (2011). Blastomycosis presenting as a pontine mass lesion. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 70(6), 518-519.
  18. Hackney JR, Palmer CA, Riley KO, Markert JM, Cure JK, Fathallah-Shaykh H, Nabors L (2011). Central nervous system angiosarcoma : diagnosis and treatment. Neuro-oncology, 13(Suppl 3), 49.
  19. Borghei P, Patel BN, Palmer CA, Curé JC, Shah (2010). Radiation necrosis : When to suspect and how to diagnose by imaging. AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 194(277), E509.
  20. Kapoor N, Bartoszewski R, Fuller CM, Palmer CA, Benos D (2009). Epithelial sodium channel and acid sensing ion channel subunits interact with each other to play a role in glioblastoma whole cell current. FASEB journal, 23(1), 1000.4.
  21. Elgavish RA, Elgavish TE, Knowlton RC, Palmer CA, Paige LA, Elgavish G (2008). MRI Percent-Pathology Map for Detection and Quantification of MTLE Pathology in Patients with Nonlesional Diagnostic MRIs. Epilepsia, 49(Suppl 7), 391.
  22. Nabors L, Julian B, Kew C, Palmer C (2007). Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) patients treated with high-dose methotrexate. Neuro-oncology, 9, 521.
  23. He M, Rutledge SL, Kelly D, Palmer CA, Murdoch J, Majumder N, Nicolls RD, Matern D, Gibson KM, Vockley (2006). A new disorder in fatty acid beta-oxidation. 29(Suppl 1), 56.
  24. Kankirawatana P, Blount JP, Knowlton RC, Kiel S, Palmer CA, Faught (2005). Role of magnetoencephalography (MEG) in epilepsy surgery in medically intractable pediatric epilepsy. Epilepsia, 46(Suppl 8), 325-326.
  25. Kankirawatana P, Knowlton RC, Blount JP, Kiel S, Palmer C (2005). MEG predicts epileptogenic zone in children with refractory non-lesional extratemporal lobe epilepsy. Journal of clinical neurophysiology, 22(5), 364.
  26. Palmer CA, Merrell R, Nabors LB, Perry (2005). 1p/19q Chromosomal deletions in metastatic oligodendroglioma. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 64, 457.
  27. Sha Z, Kuzniecky RI, Palmer CA, Ojha B, Morawetz RB, Knowlton R (2004). FDG-PEG in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with and without MRI evidence of mesial temporal sclerosis. Neurology, 62, A307-308.
  28. Perry A, Fallon KB, Roth KA, Banerjee R, David M, Forsyth P, Palmer C (2003). Prognostic value of 1p, 19q, 9p 10q and EGFR FISH analyses in recurrent oligodendrogliomas. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 62, 545.
  29. Fallon KB, Palmer CA, Roth KA, Carpenter M, Banerjee R, Forsyth P, Perry (2003). Prognostic value of 1p, 19q, 9p, 10q and EGFR FISH analyses in recurrent oligodendrogliomas. Neuro-oncology, 5, 325.
  30. Mathew S, Mrak RE, Perry A, Bruch L, Cai DX, Parrish RS, Spencer T, Palmer CA, Fratkin JD, Husain M, Gokden (2002). Interobserver variability in meningioma grading. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 61, 483.
  31. Palmer CA, Haskell HD, Oh SJ, Townsend JJ, Reddy (2002). Intravascular malignant lymphoma : Relationship with EBV?. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 61, 479.
  32. Fiveash JB, Nabors LB, O'Neill A, Markert J, Palmer CA, Spencer S, Gillespie GY, Rosenfeld S (2002). Treatment factors associated with a survival benefit in patients with glioblastoma multiforme treated at an academic medical center. Neuro-oncology, 4(368-369),
  33. Palmer C (2000). Neuropathology of malignant gliomas treated with genetically-engineered Herpes simplex virus. Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland), 10(4), 740-741.
  34. Knowlton R, Kuzniecky R, Palmer CA, Abou-Khalil B, Viikinsalo M, Sawrie (2000). Hippocampal 1H-MRSI, FDG-PET and surgical histopathology in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 41(Suppl 7), 59.
  35. Kuzniecky RI, Knowlton RC, Sawrie S, Faught RE, Martin RC, Palmer C (2000). Quantitative histopathology, volumetry, and 1H-spectroscopy of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 41(Suppl 7), 85.
  36. Kuzniecky RI, Knowlton R, Hugg J, Palmer CA, Bartoloucci A, Sawrie (2000). Hippocampal 1H spectroscopic imaging in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy : Correlation with histopathology of mesial temporal sclerosis. Neurology, 54(7, Suppl 3), A4-A5.
  37. Palmer CA, Paramore CG, Wadlington VR, Brix A, Hadley M (1999). Neuropathology of OP-1-induced bone formation in spinal fusion. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 58, 563.
  38. Palmer C (1999). Surgical neuropathology of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology, 52(6, Suppl 2), A55.
  39. Paramore CG, Lauryssen C, Rauzzino M, Wadlington VR, Palmer CA, Brix A, Hadley M (1998). Safety of (BMP-7) OP-1 for posterolateral fusion in a canine model. Neurosurgery, 43(3), 703.
  40. Palmer CA, Wells AH, Oh SJ, Whitaker JN, Mitchell G (1997). The Epstein-Barr virus and intravascular lymphomatosis. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 56, 584.
  41. Palmer CA, Percy AK, Galliani CA, Mussel H (1997). Neuropathology of the occipital horn syndrome. Neurology, 48(3), A402.
  42. Faught E, Palmer CA, Arnold T, Herrera G, Kuzniecky RI, Gilliam F, Oh S (1996). Clinical course and pathology of dominantly-inherited adult-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland), 6(3), 350.
  43. Palmer CA, Fredericks RK, Bruner JM, Guthrie B (1996). Rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation in glial tumors. Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland), 6(3), 355.
  44. Nabors LB, Palmer CA, Rosenfeld SS, Morawetz RB, Heffner D (1996). Invasive papillary cystadenomas of the endolymphatic sac. Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland), 6(3), 355.
  45. Geyer J, Keating J, Palmer CA, Bebin M, Gilliam F, Kuzniecky R, Morawetz (1996). Ipsilateral Rasmussen's encephalitis with focal cortical dysplasia. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 55, 611.
  46. Dillard S, Mroczek-Musulman E, Crain M, Palmer CA, Wiley (1996). Pediatric AIDS presenting as a ruptured cerebral aneurysm associated with varicella-zoster vasculitis. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 55, 664.
  47. Bhara S, Goldman CK, Palmer CA, Vitek J, Gillespie G (1996). Vascular endothelial growth factor expression correlates with cerebral edema in meningiomas. 37, 57.
  48. Palmer CA, Chatterjee A, Yapundich R, Marson DC, Mitchell (1995). Vitamin B12-associated leukoencephalopathy. Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland), 5(3), 329.
  49. Odabasi Z, Oh SJ, Claussen GC, Harris C (1995). Multifocal motor neuropathy : pathological evidence of inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Neurology, 45, A168.
  50. Harris CP, Crawford SC, Digre K (1995). Internal cerebral vein thrombosis : Clinical and radiographic distinction from dural sinus thrombosis. Neurology, 45, A312.
  51. Welsh CT, Harris CP, McAllister LD, Clayton FC, Townsend J (1995). Progesterone positive hemangiomas of the nervous system. Neurology, 45, A313.
  52. Harris CP, Guthrie BL, Ranjan D, Moser S (1994). Cerebral abscess caused by Cladosporium trichoides : A review. Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland), 4, 278.
  53. Harris CP, Townsend JJ, Jaeckle KA, Fantelli F (1994). Delayed metastatic recurrence of hemangioblastoma in the subarachnoid space. Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland), 4, 445.
  54. Harris CP, Townsend JJ, Jaeckle KA, Upchurch C, Eyre H (1994). Prognostic variables in anaplastic astrocytoma. Neurology, 44(4), A309.
  55. Harris CP, Townsend JJ, Leis EA, Ptácek L (1993). Möbius syndrome : Pathogenesis revisited. Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland), 3, 310-311.
  56. Ptácek LJ, Harris CP*, Gouw L, Digre K (1993). Clinical, neuropathologic, and genetic analysis of a large kindred with olivopontocerebellar atrophy and associated retinal degeneration. Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland), 3, 315.
  57. Harris CP, Townsend JJ, Klatt EC, Viskochil DH, Norman M (1993). Atelencephalic aprosencephaly. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 52(3), 317.
  58. Gouw L, Digre KB, Harris CP, Mamalis N, Ptácek L (1993). Autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia : olivopontocerebellar atrophy locus heterogeneity reflects phenotypic variation. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 52(3), 292.
  59. Harris CP, Townsend JJ, Klatt E (1993). Accessory brains : Not all intracranial mass lesions are tumors!. Neurology, 43(4), A300-301.
  60. Harris CP, Jaeckle K (1992). Intravascular malignant lymphomatosis (IML) : a response with plasmapheresis. Annals of neurology, 32, 209.
  61. Harris CP, Townsend JJ, Baringer J (1992). Can central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis be prevented in symptomatic hyponatremia?. Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland), 2, 264-265.
  62. Harris CP, Townsend JJ, Carey J (1992). Acalvaria - a unique congenital anomaly. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 51(3), 377.
  63. Harris CP, Dias MS, Brockmeyer DL, Townsend JJ, Willis BK, Apfelbaum (1991). Posterior fossa neurenteric cysts. Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland), 1, 323.
  64. Harris CP, Alderson K, Nebeker J, et a (1991). Histologic features of human orbicularis oculi treated with botulinum A toxin. 7, 20.
  65. Harris CP, Alderson K, Nebeker J, Holds JB, Anderson R (1990). Histology of human orbicularis oculus muscles treated with botulinum toxin. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 49(3), 297.